The regulatory requirements for the properties of road clinker bricks and paving concrete tiles are analyzed The discrepancy is revealed both in the indicators of the normalized properties and their numerical values. The task is to bring into compliance the regulatory requirements for road clinker bricks and paving tiles, taking into account the actual conditions of their operation. Such properties of clinker bricks and paving tiles as compressive strength, bending strength, abrasion resistance, water absorption, acid resistance and frost resistance are analyzed. An approach to the method of testing small-piece road products for frost resistance is considered. The disadvantages of the accepted method of testing clinker bricks for frost resistance, taking into account the features of the brick, are revealed. The nature of the destruction of clinker bricks and paving tiles, which are in real operating conditions in a water-saturated state during freezing and thawing, is analyzed. The discrepancy of the accepted regulatory conditions for testing clinker bricks for frost resistance to the operational conditions is found, and the need to introduce an alternative method for testing bricks for frost resistance is justified. It is proposed to develop a new method for assessing frost resistance for road clinker bricks and paving tiles.

A.V. KOTLYAR, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
S.N. KURILOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.A. YASHCHENKO, engineer of the department (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don State Technical University (1, Gagarin Square, 344000, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)

1. Yezersky, V. A. Klinker. Technology and properties Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 4. pp. 79–81. (In Russian).
2. Kotlyar V.D., Terekhina Yu.V., Kotlyar A.V., Yashchenko R.A., Popov Yu.V. Features of application of road clinker brick of light color. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. (In Russian). 2019. No. 4, pp. 44–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-769-4-44-49
3. Bozhko Y.A., Lapunova K.A. About the development of brick-design in Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 12, pp. 21–24. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-787-12-21-24
4. Kotlyar A.V. History of production, design and significance of clinker bricks in modern construction. In the collection of articles of the XX national scientific and practical conference on the direction “Technology of artistic processing of materials”. Don State Technical University. 2017, pp. 67–70. (In Russian).
5. Kotlyar V.D., Terekhina Yu.V., Kotlyar A.V. Features of properties, application and requirements to clinker bricks. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 4, pp. 72–74. (In Russian).
6. Berkman A.S., Melnikova I.G. Struktura i morozostoykost’ stenovykh materialov [Structure and frost resistance of wall materials]. Moscow: Gosstroyizdat.1962. 167 p.
7. Bozhko J., Lapunova K., Orlova M., Lazareva Y. Phase and mineralogical transformations of opal clays in the production of ceramic bricks. Materials Science Forum. 2020. Vol. 974 MSF. С. 162–167. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.974.162
8. Verbetsky G.P. Strength and durability of concrete in an aqueous environment [Strength and durability of concrete in the water environment]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1976. 128 p.
9. Kotlyar A.V., Terekhina Yu. V., Kotlyar V. D. On the issue of tests for frost resistance of road clinker bricks. Proceedings of the II scientific and practical conference with international participation “Actual issues of modern construction of industrial regions of Russia”. Novokuznetsk. 2019, pp. 94–97. (In Russian).
10. Kotlyar V.D., Kurilova S.N. Strukturoobrazovaniye i svoystva pressovannykh tsementno-mineral’nykh kompozitov s dobavkoy poristogo nizkomodul’nogo komponenta [Structure formation and properties of pressed cement-mineral composites with the addition of a porous low-modulus component]. Rostov on Don: Rostov State Construction University. 2014. 224 p.
11. Bozhko Yu. A., Lapunova K. A. The possibilities of using soft-molded bricks in recreating the historical appearance of cities. Construction Materials Science: present and future. Collection of materials of the First All-Russian Scientific Conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the outstanding materials scientist, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Mikhailovich Bazhenov. Moscow. 2020, pp. 305–312. (In Russian).
12. Terekhina Yu.V., Kotlyar A.V., Nebezhko Yu.I., Nebezhko N.I., Kotlyar V.D. On the question of methods for determining the durability of road clinker bricks and concrete paving slabs. Materials of the All-Russian scientific and technical conference “Durability of building materials, products and structures”, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Vladimir Selyaev. December 3–5, 2019. Saransk, pp. 367–374. (In Russian).
13. Kotlyar A.V., Yaschenko R. A. Perspective technologies of production of road clinker bricks. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the national scientific and technical conference with international participation “Effective methodologies and technologies for quality management of building materials”. Novosibirsk. 2021, pp. 61–66. (In Russian).
14. Kotlyar A.V., Nebezhko Yu.I., Bozhko Yu.A., Yashchen-ko R.A., Nebezhko N.I., Kotlyar V.D. Clinker brick based on screenings crushing of sandstones of the Rostov region. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 8, pp. 9–15. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-783-8-9-15
15. Kotlyar V.D., Nebezhko N.I., Terekhina Yu.V., Kotlyar A.V. On the issue of chemical corrosion and durability of brick masonry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 10, pp. 78–84. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-775-10-78-84

Clay raw materials, being a highly abrasive material, contribute to the strong wear of the working parts of the extruder, mainly the screws, which in turn affects the quality of the beam and the operating costs for the maintenance of the forming machine. The article analyzes the results of studying the working bodies of screw extruders under operating conditions with various types of protective coatings used by “Handle Ural” LLC, and shows the influence of the screw geometry on the quality of the molded timber and final products. The experience of the workshop of LLC “Handle Ural” in the restoration of screws proves the importance of a professional and highly technological approach to the booking of screws with wear-resistant materials. The qualitative values of the dependence of the operating costs for the restoration of the fast-wearing parts of the extruder on the quality of the application of protective materials are obtained.

V.Yu. KUZMIN, Director

LLC “Hendle Ural” (141, 39b Komsomolsky Prospect, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, 454138, Russian Federation)

1. Sevostyanov M.V., Dubinin N.N., Mikhailichen-ko S.A. Investigation of the conditions of the charge movement in the press-roll extruder. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Stroitel’stvo. 2005. No. 1 (553), pp. 120–124. (In Russian).
2. Ilyevich A.P. Investigation of the influence of design parameters of the main parts of a paddle belt press on the efficiency of its work. Dis ... Candidate of Sciences (Engineering). 1954. (In Russian).
3. Parke D.C., Hill M.D. Screw design and characteristic controls for belt presses. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 1959. No. 1. (In Russian).
4. Fadeeva V.S., P.P. Forming organs of the belt press. Steklo i Keramika. 1956. No. 7, pp. 16–23. (In Russian).
5. Koroteev V.V. Improving the performance of screw presses for ceramic products. Dis ... Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), 1985.192 p.(In Russian).

In this paper, we consider the selection of the composition of ceramic masses for the production of large-format ceramic blocks based on technogenic raw materials of the coal series using methods of mathematical planning of the experiment. The possibility of replacement of classical clay raw materials for unconventional industrial materials coal number of Eastern Donbass (screenings of territorial), which are formed by PE-processing of territorial to extract coal. The reasons for the increase in such a wide interest in this technogenic raw material was the reduction of the base of high-quality clay raw materials, as well as a large number of accumulated waste materials. The compositions selected in the work with the use of screenings of waste materials showed that ceramic samples have high strength characteristics that meet the requirements of GOST 530–2012. Using methods of mathematical planning of the experiment allows you to fully evaluate and analyze the data obtained.

E.S. GAISHUN, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
K.S. YAVRUYAN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.A. SEREBRYANAYA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.V. DEMENTIEVA, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.S. GAISHUN, Bachelor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don State Technical University (1, Gagarin Square, 344000, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)

1. Yavruyan K.S., Kotlyar V.D., Gaishun Е.S., Okhotnaya A.S., Lotoshnikova E.A., Chanturiya K. High performance ceramic stones on the basis of by-products of waste heaps – screenings and coal slurry. E3S Web Conf. Innovative Technologies in Environmental Science and Education (ITESE-2019). 2019. Vol. 135. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913503017
2. Yavruyan K.S., Gaishun Е.S., Teryokhina Y. Comprehensive approach to the processing of east Donbass spoil tip. IEEE International Conference “Management of Municipal Waste as an Important Factor of ustainable Urban Development” (WASTE). 2018, pp. 22–24. DOI: 10.1109/WASTE.2018.8554158
3. Yavruyan Kh.S., Gayshun E.S., Kotlyar A.V. Features of compression molding of fine-disperse products of coal washing when producing ceramic brick. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 12, pp. 14–17.
4. Yavruyan Kh.S., Kotlyar V.D., Lotoshnikova Ye.O., Gaishun E.S. Investigation of medium-fraction materials processing of terriconics for production wall ceramic products. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 17–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-758-4-17-20 (In Russian).
5. Yavruyan Kh.S., Kotlyar V.D., Gaishun E.S. Complex processing of coal dumps of the Eastern Donbass for obtaining construction. Naukoemkie tekhnologii razrabotki i ispol’zovaniya mineral’nykh resursov. 2019. No. 5, pp. 489–494. (In Russian).
6. Gaishun E.S., Yavruyan Kh.S., Gaishun A.S. Technogenic raw materials of the coal row for the production of rough building ceramics. Aktual’nye problemy nauki i tekhniki. 2019, pp. 762–763. (In Russian).
7. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Ivanov A.I., Fomina O.A. Use of coal-mining and processing wastes in production of bricks and fuel for their burning. Procedia Engineering. 2016. Vol. 150, pp. 1496–1502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.089
8. Stolbushkin A.Yu., Akst D.V., Fomina O.A., Ivanov A.I., Syromyasov V.A. Analysis of coal industry waste from enterprises of the Kemerovo region as a raw material for the production of ceramic materials. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2017.
9. Yavruyan K.S., Kotlyar V.D., GaishunE.S. Medium-fraction materials for processing of coal-thread waste drains for the production of wall ceramics. Materials Science Forum. 2018. Vol. 931, pp. 532–536. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.931.532
10. Yavruyan K.S., Kotlyar V.D. Thin issues products of processing waste heaps as raw materials for ceramic wall products. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017. 05013. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201712905013
11. Terekhina Yu.V., Lapunova К.А., Kotlyar А.V., Orlova М.Е., Lazareva Ya.V., Yaschenko R.A., Bozhko Yu.A. Methods for testing stonelike siliceous and clay raw materials used for producing ceramic. Atlantis Highlights in Material Sciences and Technology (AHMST). 2019. Vol. 1, рр. 328–332. https://doi.org/10.2991/isees-19.2019.64
12. Serebryanaya I.A., Matrosov A.A., Poryadina N.A., Soloviev A.N. Analysis of the stress-strain state of ceramic brick when tested for compressive strength. Materials Science Forum. 2020. Vol. 974, pp. 510–514. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.974.510
13. Matrosov A.A., Nizhnik D.A., Poryadina N.A., Serebryanaya I.A., Soloviev A.N. Calculation of stresses and deformations in masonry with various types of bricks. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on «Physics, Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications». 2019, pp. 243–249. https://novapublishers.com/shop/proceedings-of-the-2018-international-conference-on-physics-mechanics-of-new-materials-and-their-applications/
14. Nizhnik D.A., Serebryanaya I.A., Poryadina N.A. Investigation of the stress-strain state of ceramic bricks of various voids during a compression test. XII All-Russian Congress on Fundamental Problems of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics: a collection of works in 4 volumes. Vol. 3: Mechanics of a Deformable Solid. Ufa: RITs BashGU, 2019, pp. 156–157. (In Russian).
15. Muñoz Velasco P., Morales Ortíz M.P., Medívil Giró M.A., Muñoz Velasco L. Fired clay bricks manufactured by adding wastes as sustainable construction material – A review. Construction and Building materials. 2014. Vol. 63, pp. 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.045
16. Livadnaya D.B., Serebryanaya I.A. Analysis of the causes and consequences of potential inconsistencies in the construction industry. Inzhenernyi vestnik Dona. 2019. No. 6. (In Russian).
17. Nizhnik D.A., Poryadina N.A., Serebryanaya I.A Mathematical and computer modeling in ANSYS of elements of building structures with different structures of porosity. Mathematical modeling and biomechanics in a modern university: Abstracts of the XIV All-Russian School. May 27–31, 2019. Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog. p. 108. (In Russian).
18. Poryadina N.A., Serebryanaya I.A. Mathematical modeling of testing of ceramic bricks for compressive strength. Mathematical modeling and biomechanics in a modern university: Abstracts of the XIV All-Russian School. May 27–31, 2019. Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog. 2019, p. 116. (In Russian).
19. Serebryanaya I.A., Serebryanaya D.S. Mathematical planning in the selection of the composition of building materials. Intelligent technologies and problems of mathematical modeling: Proceedings of the II All-Russian Scientific Conference. September 30 – October 3, 2019. Rostov-on-Don, pp. 42–43. (In Russian).
20. Poryadina N.A., Matrosov A.A., Serebryanaya I.A., Nizhnik D.A. Mathematical modeling of conditions for testing ceramic bricks. Intelligent technologies and problems of mathematical modeling: Proceedings of the II All-Russian Scientific Conference. September 30 – October 3, 2019. Rostov-on-Don, pp. 41–42. (In Russian).

The necessity of thorough mixing of the ceramic mixture components, which ensures the staining of wall ceramics without stains and color streaks, is shown. The main reasons for the dominance of the plastic molding technology of ceramic bricks at the present stage are considered. Prospects for semi-dry pressing of ceramic products with the use of lean silty loams, waste and by-products of industrial production in the technology of volume staining ceramic bricks are substantiated. A brief description of raw materials for ceramic mixture obtaining for the factory tests is given. Medium plastic clay, slime iron ore wastes were used as the basis, manganese and vanadium-containing technogenic additives were used as dyes. The processes of press powders granulation according to the patented technology and production of wall ceramics at working brick factory of semi-dry pressing are described. The results of the study of decorative and physical and mechanical properties of fired bricks, depending on the composition of the ceramic charge, are presented. The compliance of the obtained ceramic brick with the requirements of State Standard 530–2012 for grades M150–200 and its volume staining in brown and dark gray has been established. An assessment of the radiation safety of volume-stained ceramic materials is given according to the value of the total specific effective activity of natural radionuclides. An assessment of the effectiveness of the developed technology of volume-stained wall ceramics with a matrix structure, based on the results of the experimental-industrial testing in the factory, is given. The developed flow sheet of ceramic bricks production from clay and technogenic manganese concentrate is presented. The main stages of the full cycle of obtaining ceramic products in accordance with the process regulations for the design of the production of volume-stained ceramic bricks with a matrix structure are given.

D.V. AKST, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.Yu. STOLBOUSHKIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Siberian State Industrial University (42, Kirova Street, Novokuznetsk, 654007, Russian Federation)

1. Pishch I.V., Maslennikova G.N., Gvozdeva N.A., Klimosh Yu.A., Baranovskaya E.I. Methods for ceramic bricks staining. Steklo i keramika. 2007. No. 8, pp. 15–18. (In Russian).
2. Zubekhin A.P., Yatsenko N.D., Golovanova S.P. Teoreticheskie osnovy belizny i okrashivaniya keramiki i portlandtsementa [Theoretical basis of whiteness and coloring of ceramics and Portland cement]. Мoscow: Stroymaterialy. 2012. 152 p.
3. Molinari C., Conte S., Zanelli C., Ardit M., Cruciani G., Dondi M. Ceramic pigments and dyes beyond the inkjet revolution: From technological requirements to constraints in colorant design. Ceramics International. 2020. Vol. 46. Iss. 14, pp. 21839–21872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.302
4. Händle F. Extrusion in Ceramics. Berlin: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2007. 413 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27102-4
5. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Akst D.V., Syromyasov V.A., Ivanov A.I., Shcherbinina E.O. Influence of the molding method on decorative properties during volume coloring of ceramic samples. Trudy NGASU. 2016. Vol. 19. No. 2 (62), pp. 138–144. (In Russian).
6. Shlegel’ I.F., Shaevich G.Ya., Andrianov A.V., Rukavitsyn A.V., Kukushkin V.A., Molodkina L.N., Noskov A.V. The experience in the reconstruction of a factory of volume colored brick. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 5, pp. 44–45. (In Russian).
7. Gurov N.G., Gurova O.E., Storozhenko G.I. Innovative directions of technological and instrumental reconstruction of semi-dry pressing plants. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 12, pp. 52–55. (In Russian).
8. Yushkevich M.O., Rogovoi M.I. Tekhnologiya keramiki [Technology of ceramics]. Moscow: Kniga po trebovaniyu. 2012. 348 p.
9. Cherkasov S.V., Turchenko A.E., Stepanova M.P., Shelkovnikova T.I. Formation of the ceramic bricks structure with rigid and plastic molding methods. Khimiya, fizika i mekhanika materialov. 2018. No. 1 (16), pp. 33–44. (In Russian).
10. Galitskov S.Ya., Galitskov K.S., Nazarov M.A. Mathematical modeling of ceramic mass molding in a screw press as an object of brick production automation. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2014. No. 3, pp. 25–29. (In Russian).
11. Nicolas M.F., Vlasova M., Aguilar P.A.M., Kakazey M., Cano M.M.C., Matus R.A., Puig T.P. Development of an energy-saving technology for sintering of bricks from high-siliceous clay by the plastic molding method. Construction and Building Materials. 2020. Vol. 242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118142
12. Wiemes L., Pawlowsky U., Mymrin V. Incorporation of industrial wastes as raw materials in brick’s formulation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017. Vol. 142, pp. 69–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.174
13. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Akst D.V., Fomina O.A. Development of a model for color formation and distribution of a coloring component during of the firing of ceramics of frame-painted structure. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 8, pp. 38–46. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-783-8-38-46
14. Akst D.V., Stolboushkin A.Yu., Fomina O.A. Calculation of the composition of granular charges for decorative wall ceramics. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 12, pp. 25–33. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-787-12-25-33
15. Patent RF 2701657. Sposob polucheniya syr’evoi smesi dlya dekorativnoi stroitel’noi keramiki [The method of obtaining a raw mix for decorative construction ceramics]. Akst D.V., Stolboushkin A.Yu., Fomina O.A. Declared 19.12.2018. Published 30.09.2019. Bulletin No. 28. (In Russian).
16. Patent RF 2641533. Sposob poluchenii syr’evoi smesi dlya dekorativnoi stenovoi keramiki [The method of obtaining a raw mix for decorative wall ceramics]. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Akst D.V., Ivanov A.I., Fomina O.A., Syromyasov V.A. Declared 01.12.2016. Published 18.01.2018. Bulletin No. 2. (In Russian).
17. Salahov A.M., Morozov V.P., Vagizov F.G., Eskin A.A., Valimuhametova A.R., Zinnatullin A.L. The scientific basis of color management of face brick at the Alekseevskaya Ceramics factory. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 3, pp. 90–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-746-3-90-95 (In Russian).
18. Badge S.K., Deshpande A.V. Effect of vanadium doping on structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of bismuth titanate (Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂) ceramics. Ceramics International. 2019. Vol. 45, Iss. 12, pp. 15307–15313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.021

The results of research on the development of the production of ceramic bricks from low-melting high-plastic clay with the addition of nickel slags by plastic molding are presented. An assessment was made of the dependence of criterion indicators – physical and mechanical properties of bricks (water absorption, density and compressive strength) on technological factors: firing temperature (900–1100^оC) and slag content in the charge (5–60%). The coefficients of multiple determination are established by the least squares method. The analysis of the obtained regression equations proves the validity of the selected factors, as the most influencing on the change in the physical and mechanical properties of products. For such indicators as water absorption, density and compressive strength of ceramic bricks, regression dependences are plotted. The adequacy of the regression models was also assessed. For the regression equation for water absorption, the average approximation error is 5%, for density – 2%, for compressive strength – 8%, which indicates the high accuracy of the constructed models. Based on the data obtained, taking into account the requirements of GOST 530–2012, two most optimal compositions of ceramic masses were selected, on the basis of which samples of ceramic bricks with the addition of nickel slag were molded. After firing, the products were characterized by compressive strength corresponding to the M175 and M200 grades.

V.A. GUR'EVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.A. IL'INA, Engineer (Graduate student)

Orenburg State University (13, Pobedy Avenue, Orenburg, 460018, Russian Federation)

1. Zubekhin A.P., Dovzhenko I.G. Improving the quality of ceramic bricks with the use of basic steelmaking slags. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 4, pp. 57–59. (In Russian).
2. Gur’eva V.A., Doroshin A.V., Vdovin K.M., Andreeva Yu.E. Porous ceramics on the basis of low-melting clays and slurries. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 4, pp. 32–36. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-747-4-32-36.
3. Dubinetsky V.V., Guryeva V.A., Vdovin K.M. Drilling mud as an additive in ceramic bricks. Molodoi uchenyi. 2015. Vol. 11.1 (91.1), pp. 137–139. (In Russian).
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6. Osman G., Sutcu M., Erdogmus E., Koc V., Cay V., Gok M. Properties of bricks with waste ferrochromium slag and zeolite. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014. Vol. 59, pp. 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.055
7. Patent RF No. 606841 Syr’evaya smes’ dlya izgotovleniya stroitel’nykh izdelii [Raw material mixture for the manufacture of construction products]. Koroleva L.V., Kulik L.V., Yakubov V.I. 1978. Bulletin. 18. (In Russian).
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12. Musatov M.V., Lviv A.A. Analysis of models of the least squares method and methods for obtaining estimates. Vestnik Saratovskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta. 2009. No. 2 (43), pp. 137–140. (In Russian).

Fire protection is crucial to high-rise building, especially to steel structure high-rise building. The 4h fire resistance requirement for concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) column is quite a challenge, and the composite fire protection method is proposed to solve this problem, which takes the function of concrete inside into consideration. The theory of composite fire protection method is firstly introduced, and then the design of composite fire protection is elaborated, the Finite Element Analysis of heat transfer and structural reactions is carried out to check the load-bearing capacity of the CFT columns in fire and corresponding adjust the design of fire protection. The plan of heat transfer tests on full-scale CFT column section during 4h fire exposure and mechanical property tests of steel and concrete at elevated temperatures is presented. Finally, success super high-rise building projects applying composite fire protection method are introduced for reference.

WEI TIAN^{1, 2}, Doctor, Vice Chief Engineer of China State Construction Overseas Development (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
SHOUCHAO JIANG³, Professor;
SAYED SHEBL⁴, Professor

¹ China Construction Eighth Engineering Division, CO., LTD (Shanghai, China)
² China State Construction Engineering CORP.LTD (EGYPT) (Cairo, Egypt)
³ College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University (Shanghai, China)4 Director of the Building Physics Institute, Housing & Building National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

список

Low-rise construction is actively developing, and with it the market of building materials and products is undergoing changes. Moreover, more than 80% of fires occur in the residential sector. It is possible to prevent and minimize possible damage on the basis of the analysis of the causes of their occurrence in low-rise buildings. In this regard, the authors have systematized approaches to ensuring fire safety of low-rise buildings and structures in modern conditions, developed recommendations for the use of building products to solve such problems. What measures will help to avoid and detect the occurrence of a fire hazard in the operation of low-rise buildings and structures in time? To solve the issues of multifunctionality and fire warning in low-rise buildings, it is proposed to use an interactive construction product that makes it possible to automate the process of reporting the occurrence of a fire to the owner. The inclusion of such a construction product in the “smart home” system synchronizes its work with security systems, increasing the level of comprehensive security of low-rise buildings. The proposed ways for improving approaches to ensure the safety of low-rise buildings and structures contribute not only to the timely detection of fire, but also to the rapid response to the danger that has arisen. A way to prevent the spread of fire at objects of the low-rise residential development with the use of an interactive fire-fighting building product will help save human lives.

S.V. FEDOSOV^{1, 2}, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Academician of RAACS (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.I. GOLOVANOV³, Doctor of Sciences Engineering;
A.A. LAZAREV⁴, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
M.V. TOROPOVA⁴, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
V.G. MALICHENKO⁵, postgraduate student of the Department of Natural Sciences and Technosphere Safety (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² Volga State Technological University (3, Lenin Square, Yoshkar-Ola, 424000, Russian Federation)
³ All-Russian Research Institute for Fire Protection of the Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (12, microdistrict VNIIPO, Balashikha, Moscow Region, 143903, Russian Federation)
⁴ Ivanovo Fire and Rescue Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (33, Stroiteley avenue, Ivanovo, 153040, Russian Federation)
⁵ Ivanovo State Polytechnical University (21, Sheremetevsky Avenue, Ivanovo, 153000, Russian Federation)

1. Rossiyskiy statisticheskiy yezhegodnik. Statisticheskiy sbornik [Russian statistical Yearbook. Statistical collection]. Moscow: Rosstat. 2017. P76. 686 p.
2. State report “On the state of protection of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergencies in 2018”. Moscow: EMERCOM of Russia. 2019. 344 p. (In Russian).
3. Koshmarov Y. A. Teplotekhnika [Heat engineering]. Moscow: IKTS “Akademkniga”. 2006. 501 p.
4. Roitman M.Y., Komissarov E.P., Pchelintsev V.A. Pozharnaya profilaktika v stroitel’stve [Fire prevention in construction]. Moscow: Stroizdat. 1978. 368 p.
5. Kozlachkov V.I., Yagodka E.A., Voloshenko A.A. Assessment of fire breaks taking into account the impact of heat flow on property. Tekhnologii tekhnosfernoy bezopasnosti. 2016. No. 3 (67), pp. 40–44. (In Russian).
6. Kozlachkov V.I., Yagodka E.A. Operativnaya obrabotka informatsii pri otsenke ugrozy prichineniya vreda luchistym teplom: monografiya [Operational processing of information when assessing the threat of harm by radiant heat: monograph]. Moscow: Academy of GPS EMERCOM of Russia. 2013. 228 p.
7. Kozlachkov V. I., Lobaev I. A., Voloshenko A. A. the Problem of fire risk assessment when applying fire safety requirements to limit the spread of fire. Tekhnologii tekhnosfernoy bezopasnosti. 2016. No. 2 (66), pp. 79–81. (In Russian).
8. Goman P.N., Sobolevskaya E.S. Development of a program for calculating the intensity of thermal radiation in a fire. Tekhnologii tekhnosfernoy bezopasnosti. 2016. No. 1 (65), pp. 250–257. (In Russian).
9. Fedosov S., Vatin N., Lazarev A., Malichenko V., Toropova M. The fire-resistant construction for building safety. Proceedings of EECE 2019. EECE 2019. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2020. Vol. 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42351-3_28
10. Lazarev A.A., Konovalenko E.P., Kutepov A.S. Aspects of interaction of local self-government bodies in the spring-summer fire-dangerous period. Collection of materials of the II interuniversity scientific and practical conference “Modern fire-safe materials and technologies”, dedicated To the year of fire protection of Russia. Ivanovo. 2016, pp. 72–74. (In Russian).
11. Lazarev A.A., Konovalenko E.P. Results of checking fire-fighting water supply in the borders of settlements of the Ivanovo region. Topical issues of improvement of engineering systems to ensure fire safety of objects. Material of the III all-Russian scientific-practical conference dedicated to the Year of fire protection. Ivanovo. 2016, pp. 64–65. (In Russian).
12. Gold N., Gogolev A.V., Chistyakov V. S. Trends in the strategy of development of low housing construction in USA. Vestnik Saratovskogo gosudarstvennogo sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo universiteta. 2017. No. 5 (69), pp. 54–59. (In Russian).
13. Fire in the United States 2008–2017. U.S. Fire Administration. URL: https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fius20th.pdf
14. Detailed analysis of fires attended by fire and rescue services in England. URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/fire-statistics-great-britain
15. Manual for determining the limits of fire resistance of building structures, fire hazard parameters of materials. The procedure for the design of fire protection. JSC “SIC CONSTRUCTION”. Moscow: 2013. 45 p. (In Russian).
16. Kuznetsova I.S., Ryabchenkova V.G., Kornyushi-na M.P., Savrasov I.P., Vostrov M.S. Polypropylene fiber is an effective way to struggle with the explosion-like destruction of concrete in case of fire. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 11, pp. 15–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-765-11-15-20 (In Russian).
17. Golovanov V.I., Pavlov V.V. Experimental studies of fire resistance of tunnel collector lining blocks. Pozharnaya bezopasnost’. 2011. No. 4, pp. 81–89. (In Russian).
18. Chen F.F., Zhu Y.J., Chen F., Dong L.Y., Yang R.L., Xiong, Z.C. Fire alarm wallpaper based on fire-resistant hydroxyapatite nanowire inorganic paper and graphene oxide thermosensitive sensor. ACS Nano. 2018. 12 (4), pp. 3159–3171. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b00047
19. Demircilioğlu E., Teomete E., Schlangen E., Baeza F.J. Temperature and moisture effects on electrical resistance and strain sensitivity of smart concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2019. Vol. 224, pp. 420–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.091
20. Chung D.D.L. Self-monitoring structural materials. Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports. 1998. Vol. 22 (2), pp. 57–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(97)00021-1

The work under consideration is based on Patent No. IP 03210 “Method for extracting asbestos from diatomaceous-silica asbestos - waste from the production of asbestos-cement products”. The pilot production line is manufactured and installed in accordance with the developed technological regulations for the sequential cleaning of asbestos-cement waste from cement, starting with their washing on a vibrating screen with water until the final chemical treatment process. As a result, chrysotile fiber was obtained with a purity of 95–95%. The replacement of commercial chrysotile with regenerated fiber in the amount of 10–15% in the mixture when producing the slate made it possible to obtain a conditioned slate that meets GOST 30340–2012. To implement this task, a special four-shelf vibrating screen which makes it possible to wash up to 10 m³ of sludge/h with a small size of 1х2х2 m; a four-chamber drum mill that grinds all the fibers coming from the vibrating screen with porcelain balls without destruction; a system of chemical treatment of chrysotile-asbestos, neutralization, dewatering and packaging of finished products have been developed. The set of equipment is installed in a covered room on a concrete base. The line is served by three operators per shift. The operating mode is continuous, in accordance with the operating mode of the slate shop. The production capacity of the pilot production line is 800–1000 kg/day.

T.Yu. UMAROV, Candidate of Sciences (Engeneering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
S.Z. RAZZOKOV, Engineer

LLC Research and Engineering Center “UzbuildmaterialLITI” (68a, Taffakur Street, Tashkent,100047, Republic of Uzbekistan)

1. The President’s decree “On additional measures to accelerate the development of the construction materials industry and attract investment for the processing of local mineral resources.” PR-4335, May 23, 2019.
2. Luginina I.G., Vezentsev A.I., Neyman S.M., Turskiy V.V., Naumova L.N., Nesterova L.L. Change in chrysotylasbest properties in asbestos cement products under the influence of cement stone and weather factors. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2001. No. 9, pp. 16–18. (In Russian).
3. Neyman S.M., Vezentsev A.I., Kahsanskiy S.V. On the safety of asbestos cement materials and products. Moscow. Stroymaterialy. 2006. 63 p.
4. Neyman S.M., Popkov K.N., Mezhov A.G. Study of the properties of chrysotile cement sheets of different lifetime. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 5, pp. 86–88. (In Russian).
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6. Patent RUz № IAP 03210. Asbestos extraction from asbestos-waste productions. Umarov T.Yu. Declared 14.01.2004. Published 27.10.2006.
7. Patent RUz № FAR20190196. Chrisotil extraction from chrysotil cement waste. Umarov T.Yu., Razzokov S.Z. Declared 14.10.2019.
8. Ivanova I.V. Phase composition and hydraulic activity of thermal decomposition products of asbestos cement solid waste. Stroitelnye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 1993. No. 4, pp. 22–23. (In Russian).
9. Solomatov V.I., Koren’kova S.F., Chumachenko N.G. New approach to waste management in the construction industry. Stroitel’nye materialy, oborudovanie, tehnologii XXI veka. 2000. No. 1, pp. 28–29. (In Russian).
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12. Manakova N.S., Kashanskij S.V., Plotko Je.G., Seljankina K.P., Makarenko N.P. Use of asbestos cement: environmental aspects. Stroitelnye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2001. No. 9, pp. 19–20. (In Russian).

The paper presents an analytical review of the issue of determining and assigning the air permeability of window structures. For this purpose, both the provisions of the current regulatory and technical documentation of a number of countries, as well as the results of scientific research on the subject under consideration, were considered. As a result, it was established that the current standard value of windows air permeability is specified based only on considerations of energy saving. At the same time, this characteristic is assigned for the statistically average operating conditions. The existing methods for calculating and determining the air permeability of windows don’t correspond to the real operating conditions because they don’t take into account the whole complex of climatic influences to which the windows are exposed (outside temperature variations, wind pressure pulsation). The experience of operation, as well as a number of studies conducted, shows that for the above reasons, in winter there is a significant increase in the air permeability of window structures, this leads to a violation of the comfort of the microclimate near the window (drafts, etc.). The normative value of windows air permeability specified based on the comfort conditions of microclimate should be introduced in design practice, as well as a universal calculation method for determining the air permeability of windows that meets their real operating conditions and takes into account their design features.

A.P. KONSTANTINOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.S. AKSENOV, Master’s degree (postgraduate student)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Konstantinov A.P., Verkhovsky A.A. Influence of negative temperatures on the thermal characteristics of PVC windows. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2018. Vol. 83. No. 3, pp. 72–82. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2019-83-3-72-82.
2. Datsyuk T.A., Grimitlin A.M. The effect of the enclosing structure air permeability value on the energy consumption of residential building. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2017. No. 6(65), pp. 182–187. (In Russian).
3. Sayfutdinova A.M., Kupriyanov V.N. Qualitative characteristics of air exchange of premises and their dependence on space-planning and constructive solutions of buildings. Izvestiya Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2014. No. 1 (27), pp. 113–118. (In Russian).
4. Kupriyanov V. N., Ivantsov A. I. Analysis of calculating methods for estimation of resistance of light-transparent constructions to heat transfer. Privolzhskij nauchnyj zhurnal. 2018. No. 1 (45), pp 33–42.
5. Korkina E.V. Criterion of Efficiency of Glass Units Replacing in the Building with the Purpose of Energy Saving. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 6, pp. 6–9. (In Russian).
6. Savin V.K., Savina N.V. Architecture and energy efficiency of a window. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstrukciya. 2015. No. 4 (60), pp. 124–130. (In Russian).
7. Semenova E.I. Vozdukhopronitsaemost’ okon zhilykh i obshchestvennykh zdanii [Air permeability of residential and public buildings windows]. Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1969. 81 p.
8. Aksenov I.S., Konstantinov A.P. Physical and technical basis for calculating the air permeability of window structures. Actual problems of the construction industry and education: National conference. Moscow. 2020, pp. 810–815. (In Russian).
9. Savin V.K. Stroitel’naya fizika: aerodinamika i teploobmen pri vzaimodeistvii potokov i strui so zdaniyami [Building physics: aerodynamics and heat transfer in the interaction of streams and jets with buildings]. Moscow: Lazur’, 2008. 480 p.
10. Thomas D.A., Dick J. B. Air infiltration through gaps around windows. JIHFE. 1953. Vol. 21. No. 214, pp. 85–97.
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14. Lobanov V.A. Problems of normalizing the air permeability of translucent building structures. Energy saving and ecology in construction and utilities sector, transport and industrial ecology: International conference. Moscow. 2020, pp. 101–108.
15. Savin V.K. Stroitel’naya fizika: energoperenos, energoeffektivnost’, energosberezhenie [Construction physics: energy transfer, energy efficiency, energy saving]. Moscow: Lazur’. 2005. 432 p.
16. Etheridge D.W. Crack Flow Equations and Scale Effect. Building and Environment. 1977. Vol. 12, pp. 181–189.
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19. Etheridge D.W. A note on crack flow equations for ventilation modeling. Building and Environment. 1998. Vol. 33. No. 5, pp. 325–328.
20. Kraniotis D., Thiis T. K., Aurlien T. A Numerical study on the impact of wind gust frequency on air exchanges in buildings with variable external and internal leakages. Buildings. 2014. Vol. 4, pp. 27–42.
21. Etheridge D. Unsteady flow effects due to fluctuating wind pressures in natural ventilation design—Mean flow rates. Building and Environment. 2000. Vol. 35. No. 2, pp. 111–133.
22. Fleury G., Thomas M. Variation to window air permeability according to outside temperature. Cahiers Du Centre Scientifique et Technique Du Batiment. 1972. No. 132.
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25. Henry R., Patenaude A. Measurements of Window Air Leakage at Cold Temperatures and Impact on Annual Energy Performance of a House. ASHRAE trans. 1998. Vol. 104 (1b), pp. 1254–1260.
26. Shekhovtsov A.V. Air permeabillity of an PVC-window when exposed to freezing temperatures. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. No. 3–1, pp. 263–269. (In Russian).
27. Konstantinov A., Verkhovsky A. Assessment of the Negative Temperatures Influence on the PVC Windows Air Permeability. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 753. 022092. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/753/2/022092.
28. Verkhovskiy A., Bryzgalin V., Lyubakova E. Thermal deformation of window for climatic conditions of Russia. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. Vol. 463. 032048. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/463/3/032048.
29. Konstantinov A., Verkhovsky A. Assessment of the Wind and Temperature Loads Influence on the PVC Windows Deformation. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 753. 032022. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/753/3/032022.
30. Eldashov Y.А., Sesyunin S.G., Kovrov V.N. Experimental study of typical window blocks on geometric stability and reduced resistance to heat transfer from the action of thermal loads. Vestnik MGSU. 2009. No. 3, pp. 146–149. (In Russian).
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33. Patent RF 2445610 C1. Sposob opredeleniya vozdukhopronitsaemosti stroitel’nykh ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsii [Method for determining the air permeability of building enclosing structures]. Verkhovskii A.A., Shubin I.L., Shekhovtsov A.V. Declared 15.12.2010. Published. 20.03.2012. (In Russian).
34. Kurenkova A.Yu. Lessons from 2010, features of manufacturing window blocks from PVC with a width more than 68 mm. Svetoprozrachnye konstruktsii. 2011. No 1–2, pp. 10–12. (In Russian).
35. Verkhovsky A.A., Zimin A.N., Potapov S.S. The applicability of modern translucent walling for the climatic regions of Russia. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 6, pp. 16–19. (In Russian).
36. Vlasenko D.V. Why it warps the windows. Who is to blame and what to do? Okonnoe proizvodstvo. 2014 . No. 39, pp. 42–44. (In Russian).
37. Kalabin V.A. Assessment of PVC profile thermal deformation. Part 1. Winter transverse deformations. Svetoprozrachnye konstrukcii. 2013. No. –2, pp. 6–9. (In Russian).
38. Sesyunin S.G., Eldashov Yu.A. Modeling of a thermo elasticity conjugate problem on the example of various variants of window block structural design. Svetoprozrachnye konstruktsii: Internet-journal. 2005. No. 4. (In Russian).
39. Konstantinov A.P., Krutov A.A., Tikhomirov A.M. Assessment of the PVC windows thermal characteristics in winter. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 8, pp. 65–72. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-773-8-65-72
40. Konstantinov A.P. Calculation of PVC window blocks for wind load. Perspektivy nauki. 2018. No. 1 (100), pp. 26–30. (In Russian)

The paper presents data on the kinetics of strength gain of sulfur-extended asphalt concrete, as well as its moisture resistance. It is shown that the achievement of the maximum strength of sulfur-extended asphalt concrete is completed on the 6-7th day. Moreover, the value of strength and the rate of its gain depend on the sulfur content: the maximum values and rate of strength gain are characteristic of sulfur-extended asphalt concrete containing 40% sulfur. It has been experimentally established that the replacement of technical sulfur bitumen by 20–40% leads to a decrease in the coefficient of moisture resistance of sulfur-extended asphalt concrete with prolonged water saturation. Kinetic and energy parameters of the process destruction of asphalt concrete and sulfur-extended asphalt concrete have been calculated. It is shown that the use of sulfur increases the sensitivity of the structure of sulfur-extended asphalt concrete to water. The main hypotheses of a decrease in the moisture resistance of sulfur-extended asphalt concrete are formulated: physicochemical hypothesis, chemical hypothesis and complex hypothesis.

H.T. LE¹, graduate student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.A. GLADKIKH¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
E.V. KOROLEV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.N. GRISHINA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)

1. Vasil’yev Yu.E., Ivachev A.V., Bratishchev I.S. Investigation of the stability of road-building materials to wear rutting under conditions close to operational. Vestnik yevraziyskoy nauki. 2014. No. 5 (24), p. 20. (In Russian).
2. Kotlyarskiy E.V., Gridchin A.M., Lesovik R.V. Faktory, sposobstvuyushchie razrusheniyu struktury asfal’tobetona v protsesse ekspluatatsii dorozhnykh asfal’tobetonnykh pokrytii [Factors contributing to the destruction of the structure of asphalt concrete during the operation of road asphalt pavements]. Belgorod: BSTU. 2012. 187 p.
3. Gladkikh V, Korolev E and Smirnov V. Structure and physical properties of sulfur with nanoscale carbon modifiers. E3S Web of Conferences 91. 2019. 07014. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199107014
4. Turayev F.T., Beknazarov K.S., Dzhalilov A.T. Study of the modification of road bitumen with elemental sulfuric. Universum: tekhnicheskiye nauki. 2019. No. 2 (59), pp. 65–69. (In Russian).
5. Gladkikh V., Korolev E., Husid D., Sukhachev I. Properties of sulfur- extended asphalt concrete. MATEC Web of Conferences IPICSE. 2016. 86. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20168604024
6. Vasiliev Yu.E. Methodological fundamentals of automation of processes of industrial production of sulfur-asphalt concrete mixtures with optimization of the components of the mineral part according to particle size distribution. Diss. Dr. of Sciences (Engineering). Moscow. 2012. 337 p.
7. Yang R., Ozer H., Ouyang Y., Alarfaj A., Islam K., Khan M.I., Khan K.M., and Shalabi F.I. Life-cycle assessment of using sulfur-extended asphalt (sea) in pavements. Airfield and Highway Pavements. 2019, pp. 183–192. DOI: 10.1061/9780784482476.020
8. Andronov S.Y., Vasiliev Y.E., Timokhin D.K., Repin  A.M., Repina O.V. and Talalay V.V. Production and use of sulfur-asphalt composite coatings on roads and bridges. Internet-zhurnal «NAUKOVEDENIE». 2016. Vol. 8. No. 3. http://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/104TVN316.pdf
9. Yeoh D., Boon Koh Heng, Jamaluddin N. Exploratory study on the mechanical and physical properties of concrete containing sulfur. Journal Technology Sciences & Engineering. 2015. 77:32, pp. 179–188. DOI: 10.11113/jt.v77.7009
10. Pat. 2585540 United States. A method providing for a low release of H2S during the preparation of sulfur-extended asphalt. Majid Jamshed Chughtai, Helen Jayne Davies, Richard Walter May and David Strickland. Publ. 05.01.2013.
11. Gladkikh V.A., Korolev E.V. Suppressing the hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide emission from sulfur-bituminous concrete. Advanced Materials Research. 2014. Vol. 1040, pp. 387–392. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1040.387
12. Pat. 3960585 United States. Reducing H2S-emission from hot cast sulfur-asphalt mixtures. Publ. 06.01.1976.
13. Timm D., Tran N., Taylor A., Robbins M., Powell R. Evaluation of mixture performance and structural capacity of pavements using shell Thiopave®. Report No. 09-05. National Center for Asphalt Technology. Auburn University. 2009.
14. Gladkikh V.A. Sulfur-asphalt concrete modified with a complex additive based on technical sulfur and neutralizing agents for the emission of toxic gases. Diss. Cand. (Engineering). Moscow. 2015. 222 p. (In Russian).
15. Israilova Z.S., Tsamayeva P.S., Strakhova N.A. The effect of the chemical composition of bitumen on the water resistance of asphalt concrete. Estestvennye i tekhnicheskie nauki. 2008. No. 5 (37), pp. 246–248. (In Russian).
16. Erofeev V.T., Likomaskina M.A. Evaluation of the durability of asphalt concrete when tested in climatic conditions with variable humidity, ultraviolet irradiation and aggressive sea water. Vestnik MGSU. 2016. No. 6, pp. 63–79. (In Russian).
17. Nikonova O.N., Duka O.A., Rudenskiy A.V. Increasing the water resistance of road asphalt concrete by the introduction of powdered activators. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2009. No. 5, pp. 21–23. (In Russian).
18. Zolotarev V.A., Kudryavtseva S.V., Yefremov S.V., Ageyeva Ye.N. The combined effect of polymers and surfactants on the adhesion of bitumen and water resistance of asphalt concrete. Nauka i tekhnika v dorozhnoi otrasli. 2007. No. 3 (42), pp. 33–35. (In Russian).
19. Gladkikh V., Korolev E.V., Gladkikh V.G. Green sulfur-extended asphalt concrete: mix design of the complex binder. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2016. Vol. 86:04023. p. 6. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20168604023
20. Korolev E.V., Bazhenov Yu.M., Albakasov A.I. Radiatsionno-zashchitnyye i khimicheski stoykiye sernyye stroitel’nyye materialy [Radiation-protective and chemically resistant sulfur building materials]. Penza, Orenburg: IPK OSU, 2010. 364 p.

A brief analytical summary of the materials (reports, articles), published in the Proceedings of the International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) Symposium “Concrete Structures for Resilient Society” [1], is given. Outstanding achievements of the world scientific researches in the field of the technologies for the building, design of the engineering constructions and their reconstruction of the following main types are noted: bridges over sea straits with length up to 52 km with underwater tunnels (China); bridges over deep gorges in the mountains (Japan); innovative technologies for reconstruction of bridges after the earthquakes (Japan); bridge reconstruction technologies (China); bridges in the fjords of Norway with structures of both the span structures and supports with using in recent decades with mainly high-strength structural lightweight concrete with use of the porous aggregates – imported production (in particular, expanded clay gravel from Belarus) instead of the equal-strength normal weight concrete with use of the natural dense aggregates – from local rocks (granite, dolomite, etc.). This is due to significantly higher durability indicators of the structural lightweight aggregate concrete (frost resistance, water resistance, and, accordingly, resistance to the permeability of chlorine ions and magnesian salts solutions of the marine environment into the porous structure of concrete). There are considered offshore platforms for oil extraction, primarily in the Northern tidal seas and the seas of the Far East also; constructive schemes of the platforms, technologies for their building; recently – the construction of individual structural parts of platforms in the coastal zone, in particular, in dry dock, with the afloating delivery to the building place of the platform. The conceptual method for offshore platforms designing that was developed by the Norwegian company (the head – Dr., prof. Tor Ole Olsen) deserves attention. This is a better and more consistent method of design in the comparison with the previous method of linear elastic analysis and nonlinear point design. The latter provides more safer and more cost-effective design, allowing simultaneous phased construction of platforms. As for the innovative technologies for creating concrete of the new most effective modifications in construction, the following are noted: – physical-chemical bases of the technologies of concrete which is resistant to the of ultra-low (up to minus 196°C) cryogenic temperatures exposure, intended mainly for use in the construction of the reinforced concrete tanks for storing of the liquefied natural gases in the coastal Arctic zone of the European continent (author’s development of the NIISF RAACS [2]); – the technology of high-strength (R_28d=180 MPa) fine-grained concrete, produced by so called “powder’s technology” with ultrafine quartz powder, used by scientists and designers of China for the construction of large-span bridges (Engineering Science and Technology Research Institute, Shanghai, China) [3].

V.N. YARMAKOVSKY, Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Expert of the Russian Academy of Sciences, member of the International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)

1. Concrete Structures for Resilient Society. Edited by Bin Zhao and Xin-lin Lu. Proceedings of the fib Symposium 2020, 22 to 24 November, 2020. Shanghai.
2. Yarmakovsky V.N., Kadiev D.Z. Physical-chemical and technological bases of concrete resistance to the ultra-low cryogenic (up to -196^оС) technical temperatures. Proceedings of the fib Symposium 2020 «Concrete Structures for Resilient Society». Edited by Bin Zhao and Xinlin Lu. Shanghai, 2020. pp. 2139–2146.
3. Liang Y., Wang C. Effect of the ultrafine quartz powder on UHPC properties of steel-concrete composite bridge deck. Proceedings of the fib Symposium 2020 «Concrete Structures for Resilient Society». Edited by Bin Zhao and Xinlin Lu. Shanghai, 2020. pp. 46–51.
4. Spitzner J.A. Review of the development of lightweight aggregate concrete – History and Actual Survey. International Symposium on Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Sandefjord. Norway. 2000, pp. 13–22.
5. Ярмаковский В.Н. Физико-химические и структурно-технологические основы получения высокопрочных и высокодолговечных конструкционных легких бетонов // Строительные материалы. 2016. № 6. С. 6–11.
5. Yarmakovsky V.N. Physical-chemical and structural-technological bases of producing high-strength and high-durable structural light-weight concretes. Соnstruction Materials [Stroitel’nye Materialy]. 2016. No. 6, pp. 6–11. (In Russian).
6. Yarmakovsky V.N. New types of the porous slag aggregates and lightweight concretes with their application. Proceedings of International Symposium on Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Sandefjord. Norway, 1995, pp. 363–372.
7. Ikeda S. Development of lightweight aggregate concrete in Japan .Proceedings of International Symposium on Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Sandefjord, Norway. 1995, pp. 42–51.
8. Holm T.A. Long-term Service Performance of lightweight aggregate concrete bridge structures. Proceedings of International Symposium on Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Sandefiord. Norway. 1995, pp. 22–31.
9. Hoff G.C., Nunez R.E., Walum R. The Use of structural lightweight aggregates in offshore concrete platforms. Proceedings of International Symposium on Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Sandefiord. Norway. 1995, pp. 349–362.
10. Bremner T.W., Holm T.A. Aggregate-matrix interaction in concrete subject to severe exposure. Proceedings of FIP-CPCI International Symposium on Concrete Sea Structures in Arctic Regions. Calgary, Canada. 1984.
11. Бремнер Т.У. (Нью-Брансуик, Канада), Ярмаков-ский В.Н. Легкий бетон: настоящее и будущее. Перспективные области применения конструкционных легких бетонов // Cтроительный эксперт. 2005. № 21 (2008). С. 5–7.
11. Bremner T.U. (New Brunswick, Kanada), Yarmakovskiy V.N. Light-weight concrete: present and future. Promising areas of application of structural lightweight concretes. Construction Expert. 2005. No. 21 (2008), pp. 5–7. (In Russian).
12. Bardhan-Roy B.K. Lightweight aggregate concrete in UK. Proceedings of International Symposium on Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Sandefiord. Norway, 1995, pp. 52–70.
13. Helgesen K.H. Lightweight aggregate concrete in Norway. Proceedings of International Symposium on Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Sandefiord. Norway. 1995, pp. 70–81.
14. FIP Manual of lightweight aggregate concrete. Surrey University Press. 1983. 259 p.
15. Arnould M. et Virlogeux M. Granulats et betons legers. Presses De L’Ecole Nationale Des Ponts Et Chausses. Paris. 1986. 513 p.
16. Петров В.П., Макридин Н.И., Ярмаковский В.Н., Соколова Ю.А. Технология и материаловеде-ние пористых заполнителей и легких бетонов. М.: Палеотип, 2013. 331 c.
16. Petrov V.P, Makridin N.I., Yarmakovsky V.N. Tekhnologiya i materialovedenie poristyh zapolniteley i legkih betonov [Technology and materials science of porous aggregates and lightweight concrete]. Moscow: Paleotip, 2013. 331 p.
17. Патент РФ на изобретение 2421421. Модификатор бетона и способ его получения. Ярмаковский В.Н., Торпищев Ш.К., Торпищев Ф.Ш. / Заявл. 27.10.2009. Опубл. 20.06.2011. Бюл. № 17.
17. Patent RF for invention 2421421. Concrete modifier and method of its preparation. Yarmakovsky V.N., Torpishchev Sh.K., Torpishchev F.Sh. Declared 27.10.2009. Publ. 20.06.2011. Bul. No. 17.
18. Москвин В.М., Савицкий А.Н., Ярмаковский В.М. Бетоны для строительства в суровых климатических условиях. Л.: Стройиздат, 1973. 169 с.
18. Moskvin V.M., Savickiy A.N., Yarmakovsky V.M. Betony dlya stroitel’stva v surovyh klimaticheskih usloviyah [Concrete for construction in severe climatic conditions]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat, 1973. 169 p.
19. Голубых Н.Д. Методы оценки стойкости бетона в суровых климатических условиях и агрессивной среде. Дис. … канд. техн. наук. М., 1975.
19. Golubykh N.D. Metody ocenki stoykosti betona v surovyh klimaticheskih usloviyah i agressivnoy srede [Methods for assessing the resistance of concrete in harsh climatic conditions and aggressive environment]. Cand. Diss. (Engineering). Moscow. 1975. (In Russian).
20. Ярмаковский В.Н. Прочностные и деформативные характеристики бетона при низких отрицательных температурах // Бетон и железобетон. 1971. № 10.
20. Yarmakovsky V.N. Strength and deformation characteristics of concrete at low negative temperatures. Beton i zhelezobeton [Concrete and reinforced concrete]. 1971. No. 10, pp. 9–15. (In Russian).
21. Карпенко Н.И., Ярмаковский В.Н. Конструк-ционные легкие бетоны для нефтедобывающих платформ в Северных приливных морях и морях Дальнего Востока // Вестник Инженерной школы Дальневосточного федерального университета. 2015. № 2 (23) С. 16–21.
21. Karpenko N.I., Yarmakovsky V.N. Structural lightweight aggregate concrete for oil production platforms in the Northern Tidal Seas and the seas of the Far East. Vestnik inzhenernoy shkoly Dal’nevostochnogo Federal’nogo Universiteta. 2015. No. 2 (23), pp. 16–21. (In Russian).
22. Kumar S. Innovative prefabricated construction of a 58 level building in Melbourne Australia. Proceedings of the fib Symposium 2020 «Concrete Structures for Resilient Society». Shanghai. 2020, pp. 1729–1736.
23. Vantyghem G., Ooms T., De Corte W. FEM modelling techniques for simulation of 3D concrete printing. Proceedings of the fib Symposium 2020 «Concrete Structures for Resilient Society». Shanghai. 2020, pp. 1021–1028.
24. Xiang-Lin Gu. Modeling the effect of fatigue damage on chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete. Proceedings of the fib Symposium 2020 «Concrete Structures for Resilient Society». Shanghai. 2020, pp. 2147–2156.
25. Zhao X. Numerical simulation of dual time-dependent chloride diffusion in concrete with ANSYS. Proceedings of the fib Symposium 2020 «Concrete Structures for Resilient Society. Shanghai. 2020, pp. 2179–2187.
26. Elshina L.I., Yarmakovsky V.N. Scientific assistance of hazardous construction in Russian Arctic region. American Concrete Institute “SP-326. Durability and Sustainability of Concrete Structures – 2nd Workshop Proceedings”. 2018, pp. 921–930.

The results of studies, proving that the application of the theoretical foundations of geonics (geomimetics) makes it possible to obtain composite binders and concretes based on them for the construction of special structures, are given. Fiber-reinforced concretes based on binders containing a complex of multi-component additives have been developed. The impact endurance of steel and basalt fiber reinforced concretes increase more than eight times compared to non-reinforced compounds. The increase in impact strength and abrasion is achieved due to the introduction of nano-modified hydrothermal nano-silicons into the compositions, which makes it possible to use them when constructing federal highways and runways. As a result of purposeful control of the structure formation of cement composites with the use of fly ash and screening of limestone chippings crushed together with cement in a vario-planetary mill, compositions that are poorly permeable to steam and gas are obtained. The potential for controlling structure formation when producing sound-absorbing cellular concretes with an open porosity above 60% has been confirmed.

V.S. LESOVIK¹, Doctor of Science (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAACS of RAASN (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
R.S. FEDIUK², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov (46, Kostyukova Street, Belgorod, 308012, Russian Federation)
² Far Eastern Federal University (10, Ajax, Russky Island, Vladivostok, 690922, Russian Federation)

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17. Lesovik V.S., Fomina E.V., Ayzenshtadt A.M. Some aspects of technogenic metasomatosis in construction material science. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 1–2, pp. 100–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-767-1-2-100-106 (In Russian). 18. Lesovik V.S. Geonika (geomimetika). Primery realizacii v stroitel’nom materialovedenii [Geonics (geomimetics). Examples of implementation in building materials science]. Belgorod: Publishing house of BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov. 2016. 287 p.
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