The introduction of high-performance technologies and “European” profile with double-sided (double-row) arrangement of transverse ribs in the production of rebars reduces its corrosion resistance, weldability, adhesion to concrete. The changes made to the SP 63.13330.2012 “Concrete and reinforced concrete structures”, taking into account what happened, led to overspending of reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures by 5–30% compared with the requirements of SNiP 2.03.01–84* “Concrete and reinforced concrete structures”. Domestic innovative development of rebar with a quadrilateral (four-row) helical profile of Av500P class makes it possible to improve the qualitative indicators of its consumer properties and efficiency of application in various sectors of construction. The new reinforcement is recommended for mass implementation by the Council for reinforced concrete structures at RAACS. High prospects of its application in bridge construction, high-rise, nuclear power, defense and earthquake-resistant construction are assumed.

I.N. TIKHONOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

JSC «Research Center of Construction» (6, 2nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow, 109428, Russian Federation)

1. Mulin N.M. Sterzhnevaya armatura zhelezobetonnyh konstrukcij [Core reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1974. 233 p.
2. Tikhonov I.N., Martynov A.A., Krasnovskaya K.M., Steblov A.B., Breathlevich V.F. High-strength bar reinforcement production mini-factories. Beton i zhelezobeton. 1990. No. 6, pp. 9–11. (In Russian).
3. Guidelines for welding and quality control of reinforcement joints and embedded parts of reinforced concrete structures (RTM 393–94). Moscow: NIIZHB. 1994. (In Russian).
4. Tikhonov I.N., Elshchina L.I. On influence of properties of new types of reinforcement rolled stock on reliability and economic effectivity of reinforced concrete structures. Vestnik NITs «Stroitel’stvo». 2017. No. 1 (12), pp. 54–67. (In Russian).
5. Madatyan S.A. Armatura zhelezobetonnyh konstrukcij [Reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures]. Moscow: Voentechlit. 2000. 256 p.
6. Tikhonov I.N., Blazhko V.P., Tikhonov G.I., Kazaryan V.A., Krakovsky M.B., Tsyba O.O. Innovative solutions for efficient reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 8, pp. 3–10. (In Russian).
7. Tikhonov I.N., Meshkov V.Z., Zvezdov A.I, Savrasov I.P. Effective reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures of buildings, designed taking into account the impact of special loads. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 3, pp. 39–45. (In Russian).
8. Skorobogatov S.M. Osnovy teorii rascheta vynoslivosti sterzhnej armatury zhelezobetonnyh konstrukcij [Fundamentals of the theory of calculating the endurance of rods of reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1976. 108 p.
9. Gorodnicki F.M., Mikhailov K.V. Vynoslivost’ armatury zhelezobetonnykh konstruktsii [Endurance of reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1972. 151 p.
10. Kwasnikov A.A. Method of calculation of interaction of concrete and reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures in Abaqus. Stroitel’naya mekhanika i raschet sooruzhenii. 2019. No. 1, pp. 65–70. (In Russian).

D.Y. Zheldakov’s articles on corrosion of brick masonry, published in the Journal “Construction Materials” in 2018–2019, in which on the basis of research using the method of determination of active ions it is proposed to calculate the durability of the structure according to the strength parameter taking into account the processes of chemical and polythermal destruction are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the fuzzy interpretation of the osmosis process as a mechanism for the movement of ions in the structure under consideration (brick masonry), as well as to the absence of statistical sampling, therefore, representativeness, which gives reason to criticism of the whole theory. It is noted that salt corrosion is one of the many factors affecting the durability of brick masonry, it is not justified why the author considers it the main. This article presents the results of the study of a sample of destroyed brick masonry of the 1960s, showing that neither on the border with cement plaster, nor inside the brick minerals, which according to the author of the articles discussed, should have a destructive effect on the brick: wollastonite, xonotlite, bauxites and gibbsites, are found. It is concluded that against the background of certain and time-tested the most critical factors affecting the durability of bricks, new research, if their findings contradict the known, should be based on a more serious evidentiary theoretical and experimental basis.

G.I. STOROZHENKO, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

(74, Troitskii Highway, Chelyabinsk, 454082, Russian Federation)

1. Zheldakov D.Yu. Chemical corrosion of a bricklaying. Problem definition. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 6, pp. 29–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-760-6-29-32 (In Russian).
2. Zheldakov D.Yu. Chemical corrosion of brick masonry. Process running. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 4, pp. 36–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-769-4-36-43 (In Russian).
3. Budnikov P.P., Gistling A.M. Reaktsii v smesyakh tverdykh veshchestv [Reactions in mixtures of solids]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1971. 488 p.
4. Rogovoy M.I. Tekhnologiya iskusstvennykh poristykh zapolniteley i keramiki [Technology of artificial porous aggregates and ceramics]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1974. 315 p.
5. Avgustinik A.I. Keramika [Ceramics]. Moscow: Promstroyizdat. 1957. 484 p.

The article focuses on the actual topic of using traditional decoration materials in Russian architecture for the formation of the artistic image of large public buildings. The authors turn to the analysis of ceramic panels on the facades of Nizhny Novgorod banks. Two main periods of their formation are considered – the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, and the turn of the XX–XXI centuries. At this time that the main typological, compositional and artistic features of the architecture of banks were formed. A characteristic feature is an appeal to regional and national traditions, the preservation of the «spirit of the place». The article is accompanied by the author’s photos.

А.L. GEL’FOND, Doctor of Architecture (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. )
O.V. ORELSKAYA, Doctor of Architecture (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (65, Ilyinskaya Street, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation)

1. Gel’fond A.L. Formation of architecture of banks and its specifics in Nizhny Novgorod. Nizhegorodskii proekt. 2002. No. 6, pp. 18–22. (In Russian).
2. Balakhna tiles. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: https://vuzlit.ru/497331/balahninskie_izraztsy. Date of access 09.03.2019.
3. Orel’skaya O.V. Petryaev S.V. Ulitsa Rozhdestvenskaya. Entsiklopediya arkhitekturnykh stilei [Rozhdestvenskaya Street. Encyclopedia of architectural styles]. Nizhnii Novgorod: BegemotNN. 2014. 193 p.
4. Orel’skaya O.V. Modern. Stili v arkhitekture Nizhnego Novgoroda. [Modernist style. Styles in architecture of Nizhny Novgorod]. Nizhnii Novgorod: BegemotNN. 2018. 135 p.
5. Nizhnii Novgorod. Illyustrirovannyi katalog ob”ektov kul’turnogo naslediya (pamyatnikov istorii i kul’tury federal’nogo znacheniya), raspolozhennykh na territorii Nizhnego Novgoroda: v dvukh knigakh [Nizhniy Novgorod. The illustrated catalog of objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments of federal importance) located in the territory of Nizhny Novgorod]. Book 2. Edited by A.L. Gel’fond. Nizhnii Novgorod. 2018. 640 p.
6. Orel’skaya O.V. The ensemble is handed over the State Bank in creativity of the academician V.A. Pokrovsky. Materials of the scientific-practical conference dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the opening of the State Bank in Nizhny Novgorod. N. Novgorod: Central Bank of the Russian Federation. 2018, pp. 53–57. (In Russian).
7. Gel’fond A.L. Features of formation of architectural typology of the Nizhny Novgorod banks. Materials of the scientific-practical conference dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the opening of the State Bank in Nizhny Novgorod. N. Novgorod: Central Bank of the Russian Federation. 2018, pp. 7–12. (In Russian).
8. Yaralov Yu.S. Natsional’noe i internatsional’noe v sovetskoi arkhitekture [National and international in the Soviet architecture] Moscow. Stroyizdat. 1985. 37 p.
9. Esaulov G.V. Stanovlenie professional’nogo soznaniya v usloviyakh regional’noi arkhitekturnoi shkoly na rubezhe ХХ–ХХI vekov (na primere yuga Rossii) V kn. Voprosy teorii arkhitektury. Arkhitekturnoye soznaniye ХХ–ХХI vekov: razlomy i perekhody: sb. nauch. tr. [Formation of professional consciousness in the conditions of regional architectural school at a turn of the 19-20th centuries (on the example of the South of Russia) In the book. Questions of the theory of architecture. Architectural consciousness of the XX–XXI centuries: faults and transitions: a collection of scientific papers]. Moscow. 2001. 260 p.
10. Ryabushin A.V. Gumanizm sovetskoi arkhitektury [Humanity of the Soviet architecture]. Moscow. Stroiizdat, 1986. 338 p.
11. Orel’skaya O.V. Arkhitekturnyi duet: Aleksandr Kharitonov i Evgenii Pestov [Architectural duet: Alexander Kharitonov and Evgeny Pestov]. Nizhnii Novgorod. Promgrafika. 2001. 99 p.
12. Gel’fond A.L. Concept of the lyrical addressee in buildings of banks A. Kharitonov. Alexander Kharitonov  and the modern architectural school: Academic Readings. Moscow. 2000, pp. 14–18. (In Russian).

The task of obtaining deformation diagrams of stone masonry of compressed structures on the basis of the theory of resistance of anisotropic materials to compression is set. The principal difference between this theory and existing approaches to assessing the strength and crack resistance of compressed structures and elements is the consideration of the values of the material’s resistance to tension and shear when determining the compressive strength. For this, the basic calculation expression was written using the deformation characteristics that made it possible in combination with the analysis of a set of experimental data on testing of prototypes to describe analytically the stages of the stress state and obtain the algorithm for diagrams of deformation of the compressed stone masonry material in the typical intense areas: «σ–ε», «σ_t–ε_t» and «τ–γ». This method of assessment of the stress-strain state of the masonry material of compressed structures and elements is fundamentally new in relation to the existing and can be proposed for implementation in the design standards.

B.S. SOKOLOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Corresponding member RAACS, Scientific consultant (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.B. ANTAKOV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ CJSC “Kazan Giproniiaviaprom” (1, Dementyev Street, Kazan, 420127)
² Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, 420043, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation)

1. Sokolov B.S. Teorija silovogo soprotivlenija anizotropnyh materialov szhatiju i ee prakticheskoe primenenie [Theory of power resistance of anisotropic materials to compression and its practical application]. Moscow: ASV. 2011. 160 p.
2. Sokolov B.S., Antakov A.B. Prochnost, zhestkost i treshchinostoikost szhatykh kamennykh i armokamennykh kladok [Durability, rigidity and crack resistance of the stone and reinforced layings compressed]. Kazan: Tsentr innovatsionnykh tekhnologii. 2018. 169 p.
3. Genius G.A., Voronov A.N. On the strength criteria of an orthotropic material such as masonry in a plane stress state. Proceedings TSNIISK them. V.A. Kucherenko. Research and methods for calculating building structures. 1985, pp. 94–101. (In Russian).
4. Kopanitsa D.G., Kabantsev O.V., Useinov E.S. Pilot studies of fragments of a bricklaying on action of static and dynamic load. Vestnik TGASU. 2012. No. 4, рр. 157–178. (In Russian).
5. Kashevarova G.G., Ivanov M.L. The natural and numerical experiments directed to creation of dependence of tension on deformation of a bricklaying. Privolzhskii nauchnyi vestnik. 2012. № 8 (12), рр. 10–15. (In Russian).
6. Kabantsev O.V. Deformation properties of a stone laying as piecewise homogeneous environment with various to modules. Seismostoikoe stroitel’stvo. Bezopasnost’ sooruzhenii. 2013. No. 4, рр. 36–40. (In Russian).
7. Likhacheva S.Yu., Kozhanov D.A. Modeling of processes of deformation of stone layings with use of the ANSYS personal computer. Works of the scientific congress of the 13th Russian architectural and construction forum. N. Novgorod. 2016, pp. 68–71. (In Russian).
8. Hisham H., Ibrahim H., MacGregor J.G. Modification of the ACI rectangular stress block for high-strength concrete. ACI Structural Journal. 1997. Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 40–48.
9. Bedov A.I., Gabitov A.I., Gallyamov A.A., Salov A.S., Gaisin A.M. Application of computer modeling at assessment of the intense deformed condition of bearing structures of buildings from a stone laying. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. 2017. Vol. 13. No. 1, рр. 42–49. (In Russian).
10. Plotnikov A.N. Calculation of masonry for central compression as a quasihomogeneous continuous elastoplastic body. Vestnik Chuvashskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. I.YA. Yakovleva. Seriya: Mekhanika predel’nogo sostoyaniya. 2017. No. 4 (34), pp. 30–35. (In Russian).
11. Granovskii A.V. Stone laying: fragile or plastic material? Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2018. No. 3, рр. 22–28. DOI: 10.33622/0869-7019.2019.03.22-28.

With development and introduction of technologies of production of composite materials of construction appointment, in Russia there were composite flexible connections, anchors, fittings, etc. These materials and products are not fundamentally new, and previously studied for the purpose of using for reinforcement of concrete or structural elements, but for increasing the bearing capacity of stone structures as masonry meshes are practically not used, while the stone masonry mesh is one of the most popular materials in construction. Experimental studies of composite meshes of different types and technology of execution used in the stone masonry are presented. An experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of composite meshes in the stone masonry was carried out, the values of crack-forming and destructive loads were determined, the features of the stress-strain state of composite meshes as flexible connections were revealed, the fields of application were formulated.

V.F. STEPANOVA¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.V. BUCHKIN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
E.YU. YURIN¹, Scientific worker, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
E.I. NIKISHOV¹, Engineer, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
М.К. ISHCHUK², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.V. GRANOVSKY², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
B.K. DZHAMUEV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
KH.A. AIZYATULLIN², Master (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete named after A.A. Gvozdev (NIIZHB) JSC “Research Center of Construction” (6, 2-nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow 109428, Russian Federation)
² Research Institute of Building Constructions named after V.A. Koucherenko (TSNIISK) JSC Research Center of Construction (6, 2-nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow 109428, Russian Federation)

1. Stepanova V.F., Stepanov A.Yu., Zhirkov E.P. Armatura kompozitnaya polimernaya [Composite polymer reinforcement]. Moscow: ASV. 2013. 200 p.
2. Buchkin A.V., Shevnin A.A., Semenova S.V. The main directions of development of the regulatory framework for composite materials in construction. Actual issues of the theory and practice of using composite reinforcement in construction. Collection of materials of the fourth scientific and technical conference. Izhevsk. 2018, pp. 8–15. (In Russian).
3. SP (Set of rules) 15.13330.2012. Stone and armored constructions. SNiP II-22–81*. Ministry of Regional Development of Russia. Moscow. 2012. 78 p. (In Russian).
4. SP (Set of rules) 327.1325800.2017. Exterior walls with a front brick layer. Rules for the design, operation and repair. Moscow. 2017. 33 p. (In Russian).
5. Ishchuk M.K., Shiray M.V. Strength and deformation of large-size ceramic stone masonry with filling of voids with heat insulation. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 5, pp. 93–95. (In Russian).
6. Ishchuk M.K., Gogua O.K., Alekhin D.A., Fayzov D.Sh., Frolova I.G., Nikolaev V.V. Experimental studies of the strength and deformation of anchoring basalt-plastic ties to break out of masonry mortars before and after fire exposure. Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitel’stvo. 2016. No. 12, pp. 49–52. (In Russian).
7. Ishchuk M.K., Gogua O.K., Alekhin D.A., Fayzov D.Sh., Nikolaev V.N., Litvinov E.A., Popov A.A. Fire resistance of non-bearing external walls with face layer of brick masonry with flexible basalt-plastic bracings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 11, pp. 35–37. (In Russian).
8. Ishchuk M.K., Gogua O.K., Frolova I.G. Features of operation of flexible ties in the walls with the facing layer of stone masonry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 7, pp. 40–44. DOI: 10.31659/0585-430X-2018-761-7-40-44 (In Russian).
9. Sokolov B.S., Antakov A.B. Issledovaniya szhatykh elementov kamennykh i armokamennykh konstruktsiy [Studies of compressed elements of stone and reinforced stone structures]. Moscow: ASV. 2010. 111 p.
10. Sokolov B.S., Antakov A.B. Prochnost’, zhestkost’ i treshchinostoykost’ szhatykh kamennykh i armokamennykh kladok [Strength, stiffness and crack resistance of compressed masonry and reinforced masonry]. Kazan: Center for Innovative Technologies. 2018. 169 p.
11. Antakov A.B. Antakov A.B. Strength of masonry reinforced with composite nets. Uspekhi sovremennogo yestestvoznaniya. 2014. No. 7, pp. 116–120. (In Russian).
12. Antakov A.B., Plotnikov A.N., Pozdeev V.M. Bearing capacity of masonry reinforced with basalt-plastic reinforcement nets. Collection of reports of the International Scientific Conference dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the Department of reinforced concrete and stone structures and the 100th anniversary of the birth of N.N. Popova / Ed. by Tamrazyana A.G., Kopanitsa D.G. Moscow. April 19–20, 2016, pp. 15–21. (In Russian).

Possibilities to reinforce the two-layer brick masonry with composite meshes are considered. According to the normative document, when heating degree-days is over 2000°C-day/deg., external brick walls are used as two-layered or three-layered. The use of external three-layer walls with effective insulation with a face layer of masonry of 120 mm thickness is limited for buildings with a service life over 50 years, but the recommended service life of buildings and structures of mass construction under the normal conditions of operation is not less than 50 years. A variant of the construction of two-layer walls under these conditions is the external facing layer of brick masonry and the inner layer of cellular concrete when the external and inner layers of masonry must be connected by flexible connections of steel reinforcement, composite mesh. When the rows of the inner and outer layers of masonry in the location of the ties don’t match more than 5 mm, it is allowed to use the flexible connections mounted in the thickness of the stones of the main masonry layer. The use of composite mesh restrains the mismatch of the rows of the inner and outer layers of masonry. The thickness of the composite mesh is 3.6–4 mm, which makes it possible to use it when making the masonry of blocks of cellular concrete on glue, the coefficient of thermal conductivity of which is 25% less than the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the masonry of blocks on cement-sand mortar. The thermal conductivity coefficient of composite mesh is more than 100 times lower than that of steel mesh.

N.V. BEGUNOVA¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.N. VOZMISCHEV², Engineer, Deputy General Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University (7, Studencheskaya Street, Izhevsk, 426069, Russian Federation)
² “KomAR” LLC (427966, Sarapul, Gogolya Street, 40)

1. SP 15.13330.2012. Stone and armokamenny designs. The revised edition Construction Norms and Regulations of II-22–81* (with changes No. 1, 2, 3). Moscow: Standartinform. 2019. 81 p. (In Russian).
2. SP 327.1325800.2017. Walls external with a front brick layer. Rules of design, operation and repair. Moscow: Standartinform. 2017. 33 p. (In Russian).
3. SP 70.13330.2012. The bearing and enclosing structures. The revised edition Construction Norms and Regulations 3.03.01–87 (with changes No. 1, 3). Moscow: Standartinform. 2013. 205 p. (In Russian).
4. Sokolov B.S., Antakov A.B. Results of researches stone and reinforced of layings. Vestnik MGSU. 2014. No. 3, pp. 99–106. (In Russian).
5. Antakov A.B. Durability of the stone layings reinforced with composite grids. Uspehi sovremennogo estestvoznaniya. 2014. No. 7, pp. 116–120. (In Russian).
6. Antakov A.B., Plotnikov A.N., Pozdeev V.M. Bearing capacity of the stone laying reinforced by grids from basalt plastic fittings. In the collection: modern problems of calculating reinforced concrete structures, buildings and structures for emergency impacts, edited by A.G. Tamrazyana, D.G. Kopanitsy. 2016, pp. 15–21. (In Russian).
7. Sokolov. B.S., Antakov A.B. Results of pilot studies of layings with mesh reinforcing from composite materials. Vestnik grazdanskih inzenerov. 2017. No. 5 (64), pp. 62–65. (In Russian).
8. Buchkin A.B., Granovskii A.B., Ishuk M.K., Urin E.N., Koroleva E.N., Maksimova T.A., Nikishov E.I. Researches of grids composite polymeric for a stone laying and definition of rational scopes. Research report No. 76/2018 dated 02.03.2018 (FAA “Federal Center for Standardization, Standardization and Technical Conformity Assessment in Construction”) (In Russian).
9. Stepanova V.F., Falikman V.R., Buchkin A.V. Tasks and the prospects of application of composites in construction. In the collection of materials of the third scientific and technical conference “Actual problems of the theory and practice of the use of composite reinforcement in construction”. Izhevsk. 24 november 2016, pp. 55–73. (In Russian).
10. Nanni A., de Luca A., Jawaherizadeh H. Reinforced concrete with fiber reinforced plastic reinforcement rods. Mechanics and design. Taylor & Francis group. New York, 2014. 479 p.
11. Mechtcherine V., Schröfl C., Snoeck D., De Belie N., Klemm A.J., Almeida F.C.R., Ichimiya K., Moon J., Wyrzykowski M., Lura P., Toropovs N., Assmann A., Igarashi S.-I., De la Varga I., Erk K., Ribeiro A.B., Custódio J., Reinhardt H.W., Falikman V. Testing superabsorbent polymer (sap) sorption properties prior to implementation in concrete: results of a rilem round-robin test. Materials and structures. 2018. Vol. 51. No. 1, pp. 28. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-0018-1149-4
12. Sokolov B.S., Antakov A.B. A new approach to calculating of stone layings. Izvestiya Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2014. No. 3 (29), pp. 75–81. (In Russian).
13. Yoo D.-Y., Yoon Y.-S. A review on structural behavior, design, and application of ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete. International journal of concrete structures and materials. 2016. No. 10 (2), pp. 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-016-0143-x
14. Staroverov V.D., Baroyev R.V., Tsurupa A.A., Krishtalevich A.K. Composite fittings: application problems. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2015. No. 3 (50), pp. 171–178. (In Russian).
15. Sokolov B.S., Antakov A.B. Theoretical bases of strengthening of stone layings. Zhilishhnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 10, pp. 50–55. (In Russian).

It has been noted the effect of interfacial interaction between the components of the dispersion medium and the dispersed phase on the physicomechanical and chemical properties of ceramic matrix composites. It largely depends on the mechanical compatibility of the components of the raw materials. It has been shown the formation of a transition layer at the interface between the shell (matrix) and the core (aggregated filler material) of a ceramic material with a matrix structure. A technique is proposed for the differential study of phase transformations and the kinetics of the occurrence of physicochemical reactions at the interface between the dispersion medium and the dispersed phase. The concept of manufacturing a multilayer sample modeling at the macro level the transition between the shell and the core of the ceramic matrix composite is shown. It has been given the ratio of the raw materials of the core and shell for the preparation of various layers of the model sample using technogenic and natural raw materials. The critical conditions for obtaining multilayer model samples are considered depending on the chemical and mineralogical composition and ceramic properties of the raw material. A block diagram of the method for determining the phase composition and properties of the core – shell transition layer in semi-dry pressed ceramic matrix composites has been developed. It was revealed the active interaction of the matrix shell with silicate and oxide phases of the core in the transition zone. A significant excess of strength indicators was established compared with the additive strength of the ceramic material after firing of the mixture of components during organizing the matrix structure.

A.Yu. STOLBOUSHKIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Siberian State Industrial University (42, Kirova Street, Novokuznetsk, 654007, Russian Federation)

1. Magerramova I.A., Rashchepkina S.A., Sinitsyna I.N. Investigation of the properties of composite materials filled with an inorganic matrix. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii. 2016. No. 2–2, pp. 246–250. (In Russian).
2. Salakhov A.M. Keramika dlya stroitelei i arkhitektorov [Ceramics for builders and architects]. Kazan: Paradigm. 2009. 295 p.
3. Donald I.W., Mc Millan P.W. Ceramic-matrix composites. Journal of Materials Science. 1976. Vol. 11. No. 5, pp. 949–972.
4. Phillips D.C. Fiber reinforced ceramics. Handbook of Composites: еd. by A. Kelly and S.T. Mileiko. New York: Elsevier. 1983, pp. 373–426.
5. Mecholsky J.J. Evaluation of mechanical property testing methods for ceramic matrix composites. American society-bulletin. 1986. Vol. 65. No. 2, pp. 315–322.
6. Khrulev V.M., Tentiev Zh.T., Kurdyumova V.M. Sostav i struktura kompozitsionnykh materialov [Composition and structure of composite materials]. Bishkek: Polyglot. 1997. 124 p.
7. Mostaghaci H. et al. (Eds.) Processing of ceramic and metal matrix composites. New York: Pergamon Press. 1989. 479 p.
8. Portnoi K.I. et al. Struktura i svoistva kompozitsionnykh materialov [The structure and properties of composite materials]. Moscow: Engineering. 1979. 255 p.
9. Pivinsky Yu.E. Kvartsevaya keramika. VKVS i keramobetony. Istoriya sozdaniya i razvitiya tekhnologii [Silica Ceramics. Highly concentrated ceramic astringent suspensions and ceramic-concrete. History of creation and development of technologies]. Saint Petersburg: Politechnika print, 2018. 360 p.
10. Kristensen R. Vvedenie v mekhaniku kompozitov [Introduction to the mechanics of composites]. Moscow: Mir. 1982. 336 p.
11. Tarnopol’skii Yu.M., Zhigun I.G., Polyakov V.A. Prostranstvenno-armirovannye kompozitsionnye materialy: spravochnik [Spatially Reinforced Composite Materials: Book of reference]. Moscow: Engineering. 1987. 223 p.
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13. Shojaei A. et al. Multi-scale constitutive modeling of ceramic matrix composites by continuum damage mechanics. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2014. Vol. 51, pp. 4068–4081. doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2014.07.026.
14. Stolboushkin A.Yu. Theoretical grounds of formation of ceramic matrix composites on the basis of anthropogenic and natural raw materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 2, pp. 10–13. (In Russian).
15. Avdonin A.S. et al. Tekhnologicheskaya otsenka mineral’nogo syr’ya. Oprobovanie mestorozhdenii. Kharakteristika syr’ya: Spravochnik [Technological evaluation of mineral raw materials. Testing of deposits. Characteristics of raw materials: Book of reference]. Moscow: Nedra. 1990. 272 p.
16. Bowker M., Davies P.R. Scanning tunneling microscopy in surface science, nanoscience and catalysis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2010. 261 p.
17. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Vereshchagin V.I., Fomina O.A. Phase composition of the core–shell transition layer in a construction ceramic matrix structure made from non-plastic raw material with clay. Glass and Ceramics (English translation of Steklo i Keramika). 2019. Vol. 76(1-2), pp. 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10717-019-00124-3
18. Stolboushkin A.Yu. et al. Production of decorative wall ceramics from argillous raw material and wastes of manganese ore mining. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 12, pp. 38–44. (In Russian).
19. Stolboushkin А.Yu. et al. Macromodel of interfacial transition layer in ceramic ma-trix composites // MATEC Web of Conferences: IV International Young Researchers Conference “Youth, Science, Solutions: Ideas and Prospects”. 2018. Vol. 143. 02003, pp. 1–7. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201714302003.

Utilization of industrial wastes becomes more and more urgent. The work demonstrates the possibility to use in ceramic production carbonate sifted sediments of the Nazarovo crushed-stone plant, formed during the crushing of calcareous rock. The formation features of the phase structure and the emergence of anorthite and wollastonite during firing ceramic materials with the introduction of unburned and burned carbonate sifted sediments in the ceramic masses are established. It is shown that presence in the composition of previously burned carbonate sifted sediments with the broken-up calcium carbonate to mass composition accelerates process of new crystal phases formation, reduces cracking in products, increases durability and reduces shrinkage. Addition of a small scrap glass to the ceramic mass provides enough a liquid phase during samples firing, this leads to the formation shift of new crystal phases to the lower temperatures area, to their quantitative growth and strength increasing of a ceramic crock. The results of physical and mechanical properties of the received material are given.

A.E. BURUCHENKO, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
G.N. KHARUK, Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.A. SERGEYEV, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Siberian Federal University (82, Svobodny Avenue, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation)

1. Oreshkin D.V. Environmental problems of comprehensive exploitation of mineral resources when large-scale utilization of man-made mineral resources and waste in the production of building materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 8, pp. 55–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-751-8-55-63. (In Russian).
2. Makarov D.V., Melkonyan R.G., Suvorova O.V., Kumarova V.A. Prospects for using industrial waste in production of ceramic building materials. Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten’. 2016. No. 5, pp. 254–281. (In Russian).
3. Levchenko A.G., Vitkovskii M.I., Kurkin V.A., Fedorova A.S. Recultivation of agricultural soils with the use of sorbent “Unipolymer”. Zashita okruzhayushchei sredy v neftegazovom komplekse. 2013. No. 10, pp. 42–46. (In Russian).
4. Pimenov A.T., Pribylov V.S. Influence of compositions of mixes from metallurgical slags for foundation of roads on their deformability. Improvement of quality and efficiency of construction materials: Papers of National scientific-technological conference with the international participation. Novosibirsk. 2019, pp. 278–280. (In Russian).
5. Makeev A.I., Chernyshov E.M. Granite crushing screenings as a component factor of concrete structure formation. Part 1. Problem definition. Identification of screenings as a component factor of structure formation. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 56–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-758-4-56-60 (In Russian).
6. Ciarán J. Lynn, Ravindra K. Dhir, Gurmel S. Ghataora. Environmental impacts of sewage sludge ash in construction: Leaching assessment. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2018. Vol. 136, pp. 306–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.04.029Get rights and content
7. Esmeray E., Ats M. Utilization of sewage sludge, oven slag and fly ash in clay brick production. Construction and Building Materials. 2019. Vol. 194, pp. 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.231
8. Mymrin V., Alekseev K., Fortini O.M., Catai R.E., Nagalli A., Rissardi J.L., Molinetti A., Pedroso D.E., Izzo R.L.S. Water cleaning sludge as principal component of composites to enhance mechanical properties of ecologically clean red ceramics. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2017. Vol. 145, pp. 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.141
9. Cota T.G., Reis E.L., Lima R.M.F., Cipriano R.A.S. Incorporation of waste from ferromanganese alloy manufacture and soapstone powder in red ceramic production. Applied Clay Science. 2018. Vol. 161, pp. 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.04.034
10. Kotlyar V.D., Yavruyan K.S. Wall ceramic articles on the basis of fine-disperse products of waste pile processing. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 4, pp. 38–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-747-4-38-41. (In Russian).
11. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Berdov G.I., Stolboushkina O.A., Zlobin V.I. Firing temperature impact on structure forming in ceramic wall materials produced of fine dispersed iron ore enrichment wastes. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 2014. No. 1, pp. 33–41. (In Russian).
12. Dorokhova E.S., Zhernovoi F.E., Zhernovaya N.F., Izotova I.A., Bessmertnyi V.S., Tarasova E.E. Nonshrinking facing material on basis of glass cullet and kolemanit. Steklo i keramika. 2016. No. 3, pp. 34–37. (In Russian).
13. Troshkin A.V., Baturin A.G., Naletov N.V., Nikiforova E.M., Eromasov R.G., Gritsenko D.A. Decorative brick based low-grade raw clay materials. Fundamental’nye issledovaniya. 2017. No. 4–1, pp. 77–82. (In Russian).
14. Sukharnikova M.A., Pikalov E.S., Selivanov O.G., Sysoyev E.P., Chukhlanov V.Yu. Development of composition of furnace charge for production of construction ceramics on the basis of raw materials of the Vladimir region: clay and galvanic slime. Steklo i keramika. 2016. No. 3, pp. 31–33 (In Russian).
15. Gurieva V.A., Doroshin A.V., Vdovin K.M., Andreeva Yu.E. Porous ceramics on the basis of low-melting clays and slurries. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 4, pp. 32–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-747-4-32-36. (In Russian).
16. Sherbina N.F., Kochetkova T.V. Use of waste of enrichment of iron-ore fields in production of ceramic products. Steklo i keramika. 2016. No. 1, pp. 24–26. (In Russian).
17. Suvorova O.V., Kumarova V.A., Makarov D.V., Masloboev V.A. Ceramic construction materials on a basis of washery refuses of copper-nickel ores. Math Designer. 2016. No. 1, pp. 46–50. (In Russian).
18. Gurov N.G., Naumov A.A., Ivanov N.N. Preparation of ceramic mass on the basis of carboneous loess-like loam. Stroitel’nye Materialy. 2010. No. 7, pp. 42–45. (In Russian).
19. Yacenko A.D., Yacenko E.A., Zakarlyuka S.G. Phase structure and properties of construction ceramics depending on maintenance of carbonate of calcium and oxide of iron. Steklo i keramika. 2016. No. 9, pp. 7–10. (In Russian).
20. Buruchenko A.E., Vereshhagin V.I., Musharapova S.I. Research in physical-chemical processes by method of measuring electric conductivity in ceramic masses when firing. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 9, pp. 26–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-752-9-26-29. (In Russian).

The use of metallurgical waste contributes to the reduction of environmental pollution and is an urgent task for the study. The article discusses the experience in using the milled manganese-containing blast furnace slag as a coloring additive when producing face bricks. The results of synchronous thermal, X-ray phase, X-ray fluorescence, electron-microscopic analysis of the slag itself, charge and finished ceramic stones based on its base are described. The composition of slag is established by several methods. It is shown that it corresponds to the specificity of the clay of Kamensky Deposit and can be used as a pigment in the production of products of gray and ash shades. The conditions for obtaining colored ceramic products are considered, the phase composition of the finished ceramics is studied. It is proved that when using the waste of metallurgical industries it’s necessary to take into account the variability of the chemical composition of the initial products, to ensure control and preliminary analysis.

M.P. KRASNOVSKIKH¹, Master of Chemistry (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
I.G. MOKRUSHIN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry)
Yu.I. NEKRASOVA¹, Bachelor
V.V. AVTUKHOVICH², Chemist

¹ Perm State National Research University (15, Bukireva Street, Perm, 614990, Russian Federation)
² «Production of Ceramic Bricks at Zakamennaya» LLC (PCB) (84, Promyshlennaya Street, Perm, 614055, Russian Federation)

1. Ivanov A.S., Yevtushenko E.I. wall Ceramic Materials with the Use of Metallurgic Slag. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2009. No. 7, pp. 64–65. (In Russian).
2. Abdrakhimov V.Z., Abdrakhimova E.S. Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy strukturoobrazovaniya v keramicheskikh materialakh na osnove otkhodov tsvetnoi metallurgii i energetiki [Physical and chemical processes of structure formation in ceramic materials on the basis of non-ferrous metallurgy and energy wastes]. Ust-Kamenogorsk: East-Kazakhstan technical University. 2000. 374 p.
3. Suleimenov S.T. Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy strukturoobrazovaniya v stroitel’nykh materialakh iz mineral’nykh otkhodov promyshlennosti [Physical and chemical processes of structurization in construction materials from mineral waste of the industry]. Moscow: Manuscript. 1996. 298 p.
4. Ryshchenko M.I., Belostotskaya L.A., Shchukin L.P., Trusova Y.D., Pavlova L.V., Galushka Y.A. Utilization of metallurgical slag in the production of wall ceramics. Ekologiya i Promyshlennost’. 2017. No. 2, pp. 78–84. (In Russian).
5. Stolboushkin A.Y., Berdov G.I., Zorya V.N., Stolboushkina O.A., Permyakov A.A. The impact of vanadium slag addition on structure forming processes in wall ceramics made of technogenic material. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2014. No. 3, pp. 73–80. (In Russian).
6. Tuyeva T.V., Sakova A.A., Borozdina E.A., Nemirov E.A. Determination of optimum amount of the granulated domain slag of JSC SEVERSTAL as a part of ceramics on the basis of clays of the Gorbovsky field. Innovative development of territories. International it is scientific – a practical conference. Cherepovets. 2015, pp. 30–32. (In Russian)
7. Ryshchenko M.I., Shchukina L.P., Lisachuk G.V., Galushka I.O., Tsovma V.V. Ceramic building materials using slag waste cast iron production. Ekologiya i Promyshlennost’. 2018. No. 2, pp. 67–73. (In Russian).
8. Perepelitsyn V.A., Koroteev V.A., Ruts V.M., Grigoriev V.G., Ignatenko V.G., Abyzov A.N., Kutalov V.G. High-alumina secondary mineral resources of ferrous and Non-ferrous metallurgy. Ogneupory i Tekhnicheskaya Keramika. 2011. No. 6, pp. 42–50. (In Russian).
9. Gusev Y.O., Sycheva T.S., Motorina O.S., Cherichenko Y.S., Bobrova Z.M. Formation of slag of metallurgical processing and the main directions of their application. Teoriya i tekhnologiya metallurgicheskogo proizvodstva. 2013. No. 1, pp. 59–62. (In Russian).
10. Fedoseeva G.R., Salakhov A.M., Nafikov R.М., Hatsrinov A.I. Influence of carbonate containing rocks on the properties of ceramic materials. Vestnik tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2010. Vol. 8, pp. 225–231. (In Russian).
11. Covcov I.V., Abdrahimova E.S., Abrakhimov V.Z. Physical and chemical processes at different firing temperatures of ceramic bricks based on beidellite clay, phosphorus slag and ash slag. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN. 2009. Vol. 11. No. 5, pp. 24–31 (In Russian).
12. Zubekhin A.P., Yatsenko N.D., Filatova E.V., Verevkin K.A., Bolyak V.I. Influence of chemical and phase composition on the color of ceramic bricks. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2008. No. 4, pp. 31–33. (In Russian).
13. Zubekhin A.P., Yatsenko N.D., Filatova E.V., Verevkin K.A., Bolyak V.I. Ceramic brick based on different clays: phase composition and properties. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2010. No. 11, pp. 41–49. (In Russian).
14. Chilzina D.A., Vereshchagin V.I. Influence of TPP slag on sintering, phase composition and properties of ceramics. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 1999. No. 10, pp. 38–40. (In Russian).
15. Dovzhenko I.G. Front ceramic brick of light colors with the use of waste of ferrous metallurgy. Steklo i keramika. 2011. No. 8, pp. 11–13. (In Russian).
16. Abdrakhimova E.S. On the issue of isomorphism in the firing of clay materials of different chemical and mineralogical composition. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 2008. No. 5, pp. 28–33. (In Russian).
17. Abdrakhimova E.S., Abdrakhimov V.Z. Phase transformations during firing of fusible clays. Materialovedenie. 2007. No. 7, pp. 64–65. (In Russian).
18. Sevanto V.V., Sevanto M.P., Abdrakhimov V.S., Abdrahimova E.S. Physico-chemical processes occurring during the firing of ceramic bricks using TPP ash and carbonate sludge. Bashkirskii khimicheskii zhurnal. 2006. Vol. 13. No. 5, pp. 23–29. (In Russian).

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of load-bearing walls made using various systems. Outlined the features of wall systems. Carried out from ceramic bricks, ceramic stones with a plaster layer and with external brickwork from facing bricks, composite systems with heat insulation. It has been established that the more complex the design (the more individual elements and materials are used in this construction), the more the probability of a critical (repair) state will increase. The degradation of the properties of each material over time (that is, a gradual decrease in the level of operational characteristics of materials and the process of their change towards deterioration relative to design values) leads to degradation of the properties of the structure as a whole, up to its destruction or unscheduled major repairs. The advantages of brick walls is a high degree of reliability, which implies a long service life without a major overhaul, a longer time between cosmetic repairs, comfort, environmental friendliness and fire resistance. Сost estimate for constructing and exploitation of different building construction was carried out.

O.I. RUBTSOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)
E.Yu. BOBROVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Economics)
A.D. ZHUKOV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
E.A. ZINOV’EVA², Student

¹ Higher School of Economics (20, Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Telichenko V.I., Oreshkin D.V. Materials science aspects of geo-ecological and environmental safety in construction. Ekologiya urbanizirovannyh territorij. 2015. No. 2, pp. 31–33. (In Russian).
2. Zhuk P.M., Zhukov A.D. Regulatory legal framework for environmental assessment of construction materials: prospects for improvement. Ekologiya i promyshlennost’ Rossii. 2018. No. 4, pp. 52–57. (In Russian).
3. Fedyuk R.S., Mochalov A.V., Simonov V.A. Trends in the development of standards for the thermal protection of buildings in Russia. Vestnik inzhenernyi shkoly DVFU. 2012. No. 2 (11), рp. 39–44. (In Russian).
4. Horny M.I. Tekhnologiya iskusstvennyh poristyh zapolnitelej i keramiki [Technology of artificial porous aggregates and ceramics]. Moscow: Ecolit. 2016. 320 p.
5. Zhukov A.D., Orlova A.M., Naumova T.A., Nikushkina, T.P., Mayorova A.A. Ecological aspects of the formation of an insulating shell of buildings. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2015. No. 7, рp. 209–212. (In Russian).
6. Zhukov A.D., Naumova N.V., Mustafayev R.M., Mayorova N.A. Modeling the properties of highly porous materials of the combined structure. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2014. No. 7, рp. 48–51. (In Russian).
7. Ischuk M.K., Gogua OK, Frolova I.G. Features of the work of flexible connections in walls with a face layer of masonry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 7, рp. 40–44. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-761-7-40-44
8. Semenov A.A. Trends in the development of the brick industry and brick housing construction in Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 8, рp. 49–51. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-762-8-49-51
9. Development of the ceramic industry of Russia (Information). Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 8, рp. 44–47. (In Russian).

The paper analyzes the thermal properties of the modern PVC windows in winter. According to the methods of existing regulatory documents, the selection of the PVC windows for several climatic regions (for Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Novosibirsk) was made. The windows selection was made on the basis of ensuring their normalized heat transfer resistance. To assess the thermal performances of the PVC windows, numerical calculations of two-dimensional temperature fields were performed at different design outdoor temperatures (for the considered cities). The analysis of the humidity of the internal air was carried out to ensure the thermal protection requirements. Additionally, laboratory tests of these window in the cli matic chamber were done were carried out at negative outdoor temperatures (-5; -15; -25; -35; -45°С). Laboratory tests have shown that at negative outside temperatures there is a significant decrease in the thermal characteristics of PVC windows due to the temperature deformation of their profile elements. The identified effects are currently not taken into account in the design.

A.P. KONSTANTINOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.A. KRUTOV, Master (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.M. TIKHOMIROV, Master (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Boriskina I.V., Shvedov N.V., A. Plotnikov A.A. Sovremennye svetoprozrachnye konstrukcii grazhdanskih zdanij. Spravochnik proektirovshchika. Tom II Okonnye sistemy iz PVH [Modern translucent structures of civil buildings. Handbook of the designer. Volume II PVC Window systems]. Saint Petersburg: NIUPC «Mezhregional’nyj institut okna». 2012. 320 p.
2. Boriskina I.V., Plotnikov A.A., Zaharov A.V. Proektirovanie sovremennyh okonnyh sistem grazhdanskih zdanij. Uchebnoe posobie [Design of modern window systems for civil buildings. Text book]. Saint Petersburg: Vybor. 2008. 360 p.
3. Boriskina I.V., Shchurov A.N., Plotnikov A.A. Okna dlya individual’nogo stroitel’stva [Windows for individual building]. Moscow: Funke Rus. 2013. 320 p.
4. Korkina E.V. Criterion of efficiency of glass units replacing in the building with the purpose of energy saving. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 6, pp. 6–9. (In Russian).
5. Savin V.K., Savina N.V. Architecture and energy efficiency of a window. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstrukciya. 2015. No. 4 (60), pp. 124–130. (In Russian).
6. Umnyakova N.P., Butovsky I.N., Verkhovsky A.A., Chebotarev A.G. Requirements to heat protection of external enclosing structures of high-rise buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 12, pp. 7–11. (In Russian).
7. Verkhovsky A.A., Zimin A.N., Potapov S.S. The applicability of modern translucent walling for the climatic regions of Russia. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 6, pp. 16–19. (In Russian).
8. Kupriyanov V.N., Ivantsov A.I. Analysis of calculating methods for estimation of resistance of light-transparent constructions to heat transfer. Privolzhskij nauchnyj zhurnal. 2018. No. 1 (45), pp. 33–42. (In Russian).
9. Kozlov V.V. Accuracy of calculation of the resistant resistance of heat transfer and temperature fields. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2018. Vol. 77. No. 3, pp. 62–74. (In Russian).
10. Konstantinov A.P., Verkhovsky A.A. Influence of negative temperatures on the thermal characteristics of PVC windows. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2018. Vol. 83. No. 3. pp. 72–82. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2019-83-3-72-82.
11. Zimin A.N., Bochkov I.V., Kryshov S.I., Umnyakova N.P. Heat transfer resistance and temperature on internal surfaces of translucent enclosing structures of residential buildings of Moscow. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 6, pp. 24–29. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-6-24-29
12. Kalabin V.A. Assessment of PVC profile thermal deformation. Part 1. Winter transverse deformations. Svetoprozrachnye konstrukcii. 2013. No. 1–2, pp. 6–9. (In Russian).
13. Kalabin V.A. Assessment of PVC profile thermal deformation. Part 2. Summer transverse deformations. Svetoprozrachnye konstrukcii. 2013. No. 3, pp. 12–15. (In Russian).
14. Kalabin V.A. Assessment of PVC profile thermal deformation. Part 3. The intensity of the direct solar radiation. Svetoprozrachnye konstrukcii. 2013. No. 4, pp. 34–38. (In Russian).
15. Eldashov Y.А., Sesyunin S.G., Kovrov V.N. Experimental study of typical window blocks on geometric stability and reduced resistance to heat transfer from the action of thermal loads. Vestnik MGSU. 2009. No. 3, pp. 146–149. (In Russian).
16. Shekhovtsov A.V. Air permeability of an PVC-window when exposed to freezing temperatures. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. No. 3–1, pp. 263–269. (In Russian).
17. Umnyakova N.P., Verkhovsky A.A. Assessment of air permeability of building envelopes. AVOK: Ventilyaciya, otoplenie, kondicionirovanie vozduha, teplosnabzhenie i stroitel’naya teplofizika. 2013. No. 5, pp. 48–53. (In Russian).

In this article, the authors describe a method of studying the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete load-bearing structures (piles and pylons) using embedded load cells. The effective dependences of the load on the indirect reactive characteristics displayed on the display of the weight measuring device, which were obtained during laboratory tests of the witness samples of the structures, are presented. Summary tables of the results of stress monitoring in bearing structures during the construction of the object-representative of the study group at the II stage (after concreting the Foundation slab for piles and overlying slab for pylons). The study of the actual stresses in structures will reduce the material consumption of construction by reducing the safety factors for reliability, recommended by the current regulatory and technical base, taking into account significant reinsurance due to the lack of knowledge of the actual VAT field (stress-strain state of structures). As well as carrying out scientific and technical support for the construction and design of unique objects, including geotechnical monitoring of the stress-strain state of the bearing structures of the underground part of such objects with subsequent Desk research and analysis of the data will allow designers, representatives of the developer and construction control services to assess the difference between the design values of loads and the actual stress-strain state of structures.

D.V. TOPCHY, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.Y. YURGAYTIS, post-graduate student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
M.-B.Kh. KODZOEV, student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
I.M. KHALIULLIN, student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Topchy D.V., Chernihiv V.S., Kochurina E.O., Yurgaytis A.Yu. Conducting tensometric monitoring of the technical and stress-strain state of the underground part of buildings and structures within the framework of scientific and technical support for the construction of unique facilities. Sistemnye tekhnologii. 2018. No. 3 (28), pp. 140–148. (In Russian).
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4. Topchy D., Shatrova A., Yurgaytis A. Integrated construction supervision as a tool to reduce the developer’s risks when implementing new and redevelopment projects. MATEC Web of Conferences. Vol. 193 (69-1):05032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819305032
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6. Lashova S.S., Kleveko V.I. Derivation of the dependence of the relative elongation arising in the strain gauge sensor on its geometric parameters. Sovremennye tekhnologii v stroitel’stve. Teoriya i praktika. 2017. Vol. 2, pp. 115–120. (In Russian).
7. Ter-Martirosyan Z.G., Nguyen Z.N. Interaction of piles of big length with the non-uniform massif taking into account nonlinear and rheological properties of soil. Vestnik MGSU. 2008. No. 2, pp. 3–14. (In Russian).
8. Galyautdinov D.R. The influence of the spread on the strength and deformability of reinforced concrete structures under static and short-term dynamic loading. Selected reports of the 60th university scientific and technical conference of students and young scientists. Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2015, рр. 3–7.
9. Evstigneev V.D., Lapidus A.A. Features of the choice of foundations of low-rise apartment buildings by the complexity of the work. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2017. No. 6 (65), pp. 364–368. (In Russian).
10. Galyautdinov Z. Strength of tensed and compressed concrete segments in crack spacing under short-term dynamic load. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017. Vol. 143:01013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814301013
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12. Topchiy D., Tokarskiy A. Formation of the organizational-managerial model of renovation of urban territories. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018. Vol. 196. XXVII R-S-P Seminar, Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering (27RSP) (TFoCE 2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604029
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14. Kodysh E.N., Trekin N.N., Fedorov V.S., Terekhov  I.A. Zhelezobetonnye konstruktsii Ch. 2. [Reinforced concrete structures. Part 2.]. Moscow: Izdatel’sko-poligraficheskoe predpriyatie OOO «Bumazhnik». 2018. 348 p.
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