The use of multi-component enclosing structures in modern construction poses a new task of studying the mutual influence of all their constituent materials on the durability of the structure as a whole. Brick masonry is the oldest and the most typical representative of multi-component enclosing structures. The article deals with the main process of chemical corrosion of materials based on the destruction of the brick material under the influence of calcium hydroxide penetrating into the brick from the cement-sand mortar, where it is formed in the process of dehydration of silicates and calcium aluminosilicates (leaching reaction). The secondary processes of the first type running with account of the presence of alkaline and alkaline-earth metals in the brick material are considered. The possibility of reactions taking part in the process of chemical corrosion of brickwork is substantiated on the basis of the methods of chemical thermodynamics. On the basis of these calculations, conclusions are made about the priority of those or other reactions involved in the process. The results of instrumental studies, including studies of phase and elemental compositions, differential scanning calorimetry, microscopic analysis, are presented. The results of the research proposed by the author with the use of the method of determination of active ions are considered. The method of calculation of durability of a design by the strength parameter with due regard for the course of processes of chemical and polythermal destructions is offered. Thermodynamic calculations, studies of the kinetics of the process, methods for experiments conducting will be presented in the following articles.

D.Yu. ZHELDAKOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Research Institute of Building Physics of RAACS (21 Lokomotivny proezd, 127238, Moscow, Russian Federation)

1. Zheldakov D.Yu. Chemical corrosion of a bricklaying. Problem definition // Stroitel’nye materialy. [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 6, pp. 29–32. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-760-6-29-32
2. Belelyubskii N.A. Odnoobraznoe ispytanie stroitel’nykh materialov [Monotonous test of construction materials]: Myunkhen, 1884. Drezden 1887. Saint Petersburg: tip. Ministerstva putey soobshcheniya (A. Benke). 1888.
3. Salakhov A.M., Morozov V.P., Bogdanovskii A.L., Tagirov L.R. Optimization of production of a brick from clay of the Vlasovo-Timoninsky field. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 4, pp. 16–21. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2016-736-4-16-21.
4. Salakhov A.M., Tagirov L.R. Structurization of ceramics from the clays forming various mineral phases when roasting. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 8, pp. 68–74. (In Russian).
5. Salakhov A.M., Morozov V.P., Naimark D.V., Eskin A.A. Optimization of the mode of roasting of a front brick of light tones at the JSC Kerma plant. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 8, pp. 32–37 (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2016-740-8-32-37.
6. Kislyakov K.A., Yakovlev G.I., Pervushin G.N. Properties of cement composition with application of fight of a ceramic brick and microsilicon dioxide // Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 1–2, pp. 14–18. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-745-1-2-14-18.
7. Müller A., Recycling of masonry rubble – Status and new utilization methods (Part 2). Fachtagung Recycling. 2003, pp. 42–46.
8. Robayo R.A., Mulford A., Munera J., Gutiérrez R.M.de. Alternative cements based on alkali-activated red clay brick waste. Construction and Building Materials. 2016. Vol. 128, pp. 163–169.
9. Sassoni E., Pahlavan P., Franzoni E., Bignozzi M.C. Valorization of brick waste by alkali-activation: A study on the possible use for masonry repointing. Ceramics International. 2016. Vol. 42, pp. 14685–14694.
10. Moskvin V.M., Ivanov F.M., Alekseev S.N., Guzeev E.A. Korroziya betona i zhelezobetona, metody ikh zashchity [Corrosion of concrete and reinforced concrete, methods of their protection]. Moscow: Stroiizdat. 1980. 536 p.
11. Vernigorova V.N., Sadenko S.M. About not stationarity of the physical and chemical processes proceeding in concrete mix. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 1–2, pp. 86-89 (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-745-1-2-86-89
12. Rozental’ N.K., Stepanova V.F., Chekhnii G.V. About the most admissible content of chlorides in concrete. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 1–2, pp. 82–85 (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-745-1-2-82-85
13. Rassulov V.V., Platova R.A., Platov Yu.T. Quality control of a metakaolin by a spectroscopy method in near infrared area of a range. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 53–56 (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-759-5-53-56
14. Guatame-Garcia L.А., Buxton М. Visible and infrared reflectance spectroscopy for characterization of iron impurities in calcined kaolin clays. Proceeding of the 2nd International conference on optical characterization of materials. Karlsruhe. 2015, pp. 215–226.
15. Lamberov A.A., Sitnikova E.Yu., Abdulganeeva A.Sh. Influence of structure and structure of kaolinic clays on conditions of transition of kaolinite to metakaolinite. Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2011. No. 7, pp. 17–23 (In Russian).
16. Yampurov M.L., Lainer Yu.A., Vetchinkina T.N., Rozhkov D.Yu. Researches of dehydration of kaolinic clays and the mechanism of dissolution of metakaolinite in sulfuric acid. Khimicheskaya tekhnologiya. 2007. Vol. 8. No. 1, pp. 28–33. (In Russian).
17. Bessonov I.V., Baranov V.S., Baranov V.V., Knyazeva V.P., El’chishcheva T.F. The reasons of emergence and ways of elimination of vysol on brick walls of buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 7, pp. 39–43. (In Russian).
18. Babkov V.V., Gabitov A.I., Chuikin A.E., Mokhov A.V. i dr. Vysoloobrazovaniye on surfaces of external walls of buildings. Stroitel’nye Materialy. [Construction Materials]. 2008. No. 3, pp. 47–49. (In Russian).
19. Gur’eva V.A., Doroshin A.V., Dubinetskii V.V. Research of influence of the modifying additives on frost resistance and properties of ceramics. Stroitel’nye Materialy. [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 8, pp. 52–57 (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-762-8-52-56.
20. Sidel’nikova M.B., Pogrebenkov V.M. Keramicheskie pigmenty na osnove prirodnogo i tekhnogennogo mineral’nogo syr’ya [Ceramic pigments on the basis of natural and technogenic mineral raw materials]. Tomsk: Tomskij politekhnicheskij universitet. 2014. 262 p.
21. Zhuze T.P. Rol’ szhatykh gazov kak rastvoritelei [Role of the compressed gases as solvents.]. Moscow: Nedra. 1981. 165 p.
22. Zheldakov D.Yu., Gagarin V.G. Terminology and general theory of forecasting of extreme durability of designs. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Tekhnologiya tekstil’noi promyshlennosti. 2017. No. 2 (368), pp. 114–118 (In Russian).
23. Zheldakov D.Yu. The prediction of the critical durability of the external walls. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Tekhnologiya tekstil’noi promyshlennosti. 2018. No. 3 (375), pp. 247–252. (In Russian).

The problem of removing stony inclusions from clay raw materials at the beginning of the technological process of clay preparation remains relevant to the present time.
A description of the design and technical characteristics of the new machine “Barrier” for stone removal is given. Its performance has been tested on the operating production line at OOO “Bentoprom” in the city of Stary Oskol, Belgorod Oblast. A modified version for processing frozen or dried raw materials “Barrier-M” has been developed.

I.F. SHLEGEL, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
S.G. MAKAROV, Engineer, Head of Mechanical Treatment Department
A.V. ANDRIANOV, Engineer, Head of Drying and Transportation Department

Institute of New Technologies and Automation of Building Materials Industry (OOO «INTA-STROY») 100, 1-ya Putevaya Street, 644113, Omsk, Russian Federation)

1. Avgustinnik A.I. Keramika [Ceramic]. L.: Stroyizdat. 1975. 592 p.
2. Rogovoi M.I. Tekhnologiya iskusstvennykh poristykh zapolnitelei i keramiki [Technology of artificial porous aggregates and ceramics]. M.: Stroyizdat. 1974. 315 p.
3. Schlegel I.F., Shayevich G.Ya., Karabut L.A., Pashkova E.B., Spitanov V.V., Astafyev V.A. Installation “Cascade” for the brick industry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2005. No. 2, pp. 20–22. (In Russian).
4. Patent RF 2617500. Ustroistvo dlya pervichnoi obrabotki glinistogo syr’ya [Device for primary processing of clay raw materials]. Schlegel I.F., Rukavitsyn A.V. Decelerated 12.23.2015. Published 04.25.2017 Bul. No. 12. (In Russian).

Disadvantages are noted in the operation of walls with a multi-layer construction with an effective insulation. It has been shown the necessity of creating new efficient building materials and products for the device of single-layer exterior walls, which correspond to the current standards for heat shielding of buildings. The prospect of obtaining effective wall ceramics of cellular structure is indicated. The influence of the temperature and duration of firing on the formation of the structure and properties of cellular ceramics with a glass-ceramic frame has been studied. It has been given an assessment of the raw material components of the mixture according to chemical, granulometric, mineralogical compositions and ceramic-technological properties. The dependences of changes in the physicomechanical properties of cellular ceramic samples on the maximum calcination temperature and duration of isothermal exposure are given. Images of macro- and microstructure of cellular ceramic samples from granular mixture, annealed in the temperature range of 850–1000°C, were obtained by optical and scanning electron microscopy. It has been represented the change in the content of the X-ray amorphous phase and the porosity of cellular ceramic samples at the depending on the firing temperature. Optimal firing parameters have been established that provide the best ratio between strength and average density of cellular ceramic material. An excessive increase in temperature leads to the intensive formation of a pyroplastic phase and an increase in the average density of cellular ceramics by 1.4–1.5 times. The effect of collapsing small cells of the gas phase with each other, their coarsening, migration and exit from the three-phase ceramic system at a temperature of more than 950°C, leading to disruption of the cellular structure and a decrease in the total porosity of the ceramic material. The formation of a melt along the inner surface of the pore cells provides a continuous shell of the glass-ceramic phase and low water absorption of the ceramic material (6.5–7%).

A.Yu. STOLBOUSHKIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
O.A. FOMINA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Siberian State Industrial University (42, Kirova Street, Novokuznetsk, 654007, Russian Federation)

1. Gagarin V.G., Kozlov V.V. Requirements for thermal protection and energy efficiency in the draft of the updated SNiP “Thermal Protection of Buildings”. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2011. No. 8, pp. 2–6. (In Russian).
2. Bondarenko V.M., Lyakhovich L.S., Khlevchuk V.R. and oth. About regulatory requirements for thermal shielding of buildings. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2001. No. 12, pp. 2–8. (In Russian).
3. Gorbunov G.I. The technology of Wall foamed Ceramic and heat-insulation Products. Krovel’nye i izolyatsionnye materialy [Roofing and insulation Materials]. 2005. No. 7, pp. 28–31. (In Russian).
4. Zhukov V.I., Evseev L.D. Typical shortcomings of exterior insulation of buildings with foamed polystyrene. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2007. No. 6, pp 27–31. (In Russian).
5. Blazhko V.P. External sandwich walls of monolithic buildings with brick facing. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2009. No. 8, pp. 6–7. (In Russian).
6. Paruta V.A., Brynzin E.V., Grinfel’d G.I. Physical-mechanical design basics of plaster mortars for aerated concrete masonry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 8, pp 30–34. (In Russian).
7. Kudyakov, A.I., Koval’chuk A.A., Bondarenko T.Yu., Steshen-ko A.B. Process management of the life cycle of QMS products. Proceedings of the XVII International Scientific and Practical Conference. Tomsk: TPU, 2012, pp. 70–74. (In Russian).
8. Bazhenov Yu.M. Tekhnologiya betona [Concrete technology]. Moscow: Publisher ASV. 2011. 528 p. (In Russian).
9. Evtushenko E.I., Peretokina N.A. Preparation of cellular ceramic concrete based on highly concentrated binding suspensions. Izvestiya vys-shikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Stroitel’stvo. 2007. No. 9, pp. 28–31. (In Russian).
10. Kotlyar V.D., Kozlov A.V., Kotlyar A.V. High-performance wall ceramics based on porous hollow silicate aggregate. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2014. No. 10, pp. 392. (In Russian).
11. Kazantseva L.K., Puzanov I.S., Nikitin A.I. Foamed Ceramic. Features of manufacture and its properties. High technologies and innova-tions (XXII scientific readings). Construction and composite materials tech-nologies. Papers of reports of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod: BSTU. 2016. Part 1, pp. 143–147. (In Russian).
12. Gurieva V.A., Doroshin A.V., Vdovin K.M., Andreeva Yu.E. Porous ceramics on the basis of low-melting clays and slurries. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 4, pp. 32–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-747-4-32-36. (In Russian).
13. Beregovoi V.A., Snadin S.V. Cellular ceramic materials. Theory and practice of improving the efficiency of building materials: Proceedings of XIII International Scientific and Technical Conference. Penza: PGUAS, 2018, pp. 7–12. (In Russian).
14. Stolboushkin А.Yu., Ivanov A.I., Fomina O.A. A Study on Structure and Phase Composition of Cellular Ceramic Materials from Dis-persed Silicarich Rocks. Materials Engineering and Technologies for Production and Processing IV: Solid State Phenomena. Trans Tech Publications. Switzerland. 2018. Vol. 284, pp. 893–898.
15. Patent RF 2593832. Sposob izgotovleniya stenovykh keramich-eskikh izdelii [Method of making wall ceramics]. Ivanov A.I., Stolboushkin A.Yu., Storozhenko G.I. Declared 08.06.2015. Published 10.08.2016. Bulletin No. 22. (In Russian).
16. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Ivanov A.I., Shevchenko V.V., Fomina O.A., Druzhinin M.S. Study on structure and properties of cellular ceramic materials with a framework from dispersed silica-containing rocks. Stroi-tel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 12, pp. 7–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-755-12-7-13. (In Russian).
17. Nikitin A.I., Storozhenko G.I., L.K. Kazantseva L.K., Vereshchagin V.I. Heat-insulating materials and products on the basis of tripolis of Potanin deposit. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2014. No. 8, pp. 34–37. (In Russian).

The possibility of obtaining wall ceramics by semi-dry pressing from a two-component charge on the basis of low-quality low-melting alumina-silicate clay raw material – loam with the addition of 30% of the anthropogenic product of carbonate-containing drilling waste in the form of sludge. The results of studies of the effect of the grinding duration of raw materials on the dynamics of change in the granulometric composition of molding masses and the activation of carbonate-containing drilling waste during sintering when firing are presented. It is proved that the grinding duration of the charge components during 120 minutes makes it possible to obtain an optimal specific surface of the press powder of 2300–2400 cm²/g, the grain composition of the molding masses ensures the pressing of the raw product with the highest density and mechanical strength. When firing, the brick is formed with improved structural characteristics in relation to the basic factory product. The introduction of a carbonate-containing additive also reduces the firing temperature compared to the factory mode from 1100 to 1000^оC.

V.V. DUBINETSKIY¹, graduate student
V.A. GUR'EVA¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineerig) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
N.V. BUTRIMOVA², Candidate of Sciences (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Orenburg State University (13, Avenue Pobedy, Orenburg, 460018, Russian Federation)
² Buzuluk Humanitarian-Technological Institute (branch) of OSU (35, Rabochaya Street, Buzuluk, Orenburg region, 461040, Russian Federation)

1. Storozhenko G.I., Boldyrev G.V. Work experience of semi-dry brick factories with effective mass preparation of clay raw materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 2, pp. 3–4. (In Russian).
2. Yacenko N.D., Zubekhin A.P., Rat’kova V.P. The influence of CaO on the structure and phase composition of ceramic tiles. Materials of the International scientific-practical conference. Rostov-on-Don: RSSU. 1997, pp. 47–48. (In Russian).
3. Gurieva V.A., Dubinetskiy V.V., Vdovin K.M., Butrimova N.V. Wall ceramic on the basis of highly calcined raw materials of Orenburzhye. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 12, pp. 55–58. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2016-744-12-55-59
4. Gurieva V.A., Dubineckij V.V., Butrimova N.V., Doroshin A.V., Vdovin K.M. Ecological and economic effect of the use of oil sludge in the production of ceramic bricks. Mezhdunarodnyj nauchno-issledovatel’skij zhurnal. 2016. No. 11, pp. 50–52. (In Russian).
5. Gurieva V.A., Doroshin A.V., Andreeva Yu.E. Wall ceramics based on low-grade aluminosilicate raw materials and anthropogenic additives. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2017. No. 11, pp. 50–55. (In Russian).
6. Guryeva V.A., Doroshin A.V., Dubinetskij V.V. Sludge of the fuel-energy and oil-producing complex in the production of wall ceramic products. Materials Science Forum Submitted «FarEastCon-2018»: 2018-10-19. Vol. 945, pp 1036–1042.
7. Pavlov V.F. Influence of alkali, alkaline-earth oxides and their mixtures on the change in viscosity of ceramic masses during their firing. Tr. NIIStrojkeramiki. 1973. No. 38, pp. 20–26. (In Russian).
8. Chumachenko N.G., Tyurnikov V.V. The possibility of the formation of solid solutions during the firing of ceramic materials. Gradostroitel’stvo i arhitektura. 2016. No. 2 (23), pp. 43–47. (In Russian).
9. Ovchinnikov N.L., Arbuznikov V.V., Kapinos A.P. et al. Effect of mechanical activation of montmorillonite on the intercalation efficiency of polyhydroxyaluminum cations in the formation of pillar structure. Nanotechnologies in Russia. 2015. Vol. 10. Iss. 3–4, pp. 254–260. (In Russian).
10. Vasyanov G.P., Gorbachev B.F., Krasnikova E.V., Sadykov R.K., Kabirov R.R. Clay fusible ceramic raw materials of the Republic of Tatarstan (the state of the raw material base and experience in applying light-crystalline polymine clays). Georesursy. 2016. pp. 44–49. (In Russian).
11. Patent RF 2014136 Sposob vikhrevogo izmel’cheniya materiala [The method of vortex grinding material]. Ahramovich A.P., Kolos V.P., Malyshev A.A., Sorokin V.N. 1995. Byul. No. 4. 34 p. (In Russian).
12. Yatsenko N.D. Zubekhin A.P., Rat’kova V.P. Low-shrinkage ceramic tiles. Glass and Ceramics. 1998. Vol. 55. No. 7–8, pp. 255–257.
13. Stolboushkin A.Y., Berdov G.I., Vereshchagin V.I., Fomina O.A. Ceramic wall materials with matrix structure based on non-sintering stiff technogenic and natural raw materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction materials]. 2016. No. 8, pp. 19–24. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2016-740-8-19-24
14. Storozhenko G.I., Zavadskij V.F., Boldyrev G.V. The influence of the degree of dispersion of clay raw materials on its structure and technological properties. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 1998. No. 7, pp. 51–54. (In Russian).

By means of a wide complex of studies it is established that siliceous clays can be an alternative source of raw materials for production of various types of products of construction ceramics. Siliceous clays have a specific mineralogical composition and were previously considered only as an additive to increase the plasticity of the main raw material. The chemical composition, pre-firing and firing properties of siliceous clays of Malchevsky Deposit were studied in detail. The content of silica in them is 67–70%, alumina – 13–15%, and alkaline earth oxides – 1–3%. The main minerals are opal silica and beidellite. The thermograms confirm the presence of montmorillonite, zeolites, micas and hydromicas, opaline silica and quartz. It is established that siliceous clays belong to the groups of medium-dispersed and highly plastic raw materials. Despite the increased molding moisture content and greater shrinkage, they are medium-sensitive to drying and make it possible to obtain the molding masses with a high binding capacity. At the firing temperature of 1000–1020^оC brick has no defects, the brand strength is M200-250, and frost resistance – F75. The data of X-rayograms of siliceous clays, fired at temperature 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100^оС are presented. Significant phase transformations become noticeable at a temperature of 1000^оC – the process of transition of amorphous opal silica to cristobalite begins. At 1050^оС the formation of the glass phase begins. The results obtained suggest that the main phases of the annealed material on the basis of siliceous clays are quartz and cristobalite with a low degree of structural perfection, and the formation of the microstructure occurs in the range of 1000–1100^оC. Based on the study conducted, siliceous clay can be considered as the main and additional material for the production of various building ceramic products.

K.A. LAPUNOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
Ya.V. LAZAREVA, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
Yu.A. BOZHKO, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
M.E. ORLOVA, Bachelor, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don State Technical University (1, Gagarin Square, 344000, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)

1. Kotlyar V.D., Kozlov G.A., Petrishin N.V. The prospects of use of siliceous breeds in production of brick ceramics. International scientific and practical congress «Development and Innovations in Construction». Krasnodar. 2018, pp. 122–126. (In Russian).
2. Kotlyar V.D., Kozlov G.A., Zhivotkov O.I., Lapunova K.A. The prospects of use siliceous the opoka-like rocks for production of a road brick of low-temperature burning. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 13-16. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-758-4-13-16.
3. Terekhina Yu.V., Kotlyar V.D., Kotlyar A.V. Sheka S. I. Opoka-like rocks of the South of Russia and perspective the direction of their use in production of construction materials. Novye tekhnologii. 2012. No. 4, pp. 61–65. (In Russian).
4. Lapunova K.A., Kotlyar V.D. [Technology and design a product of wall ceramics on the basis of siliceous the opoka-like rocks]. Rostov-on-Don. RGTU. 2014. 193 p.
5. Kotlyar V.D., Lapunova K.A. Features of physical and chemical transformations when roasting opoka-like rocks raw materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 5, pp. 40–42. (In Russian).
6. Bozhko Yu.A., Lapunova K.A., Kozlov G.A. The pressing process of powders on the basis of siliceous opoka-like rocks. Materials Science Forum. 2018. Vol. 931, pp. 515–519. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.931.515
7. Ustinov A.V., Kotlyar V.D. Caking of a clay molding by production of a ceramic brick. Inzhenernyi vestnik Dona. 2012. No. 3 (21), pp. 588–591. (In Russian).
8. Kotlyar V.D., Lapunova K.A., Kozlov G.A. Wall ceramics products based on opoka and coal slurry. Procedia Engineering. 2016. No. 150, pp. 1452–1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.080
9. Bondaryuk A.G., Kotlyar V.D. Wall ceramics on a basis the opoka-like of siliceous and carbonate breeds and artificial siliceous and carbonate compositions. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Stroitel’stvo. 2010. No. 7 (619), pp. 18-24. (In Russian).
10. Bozhko Yu.A. Brick of soft molding on the basis of siliceous and clay components. Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsii. Stroitel’stvo. Nedvizhimost’. 2018. No. 3, pp. 54–60. (In Russian).

The results of studies on the phase transformations occurring during the firing of screenings of processing of heaps of Eastern Donbass, which are promising raw materials for the production of various types of building ceramics – ordinary, facing and clinker bricks, high-performance ceramic stones, ceramic tiles and siding are presented. It is established that the screenings are the raw material of low-temperature sintering. Depending on the degree of grinding, the raw material may belong to the group of mid-caking or high-caking raw materials. The screenings have a rather narrow sintering interval – no more than 50oC, which we believe can be expanded by increasing the content of fine fractions during the preparation of screenings. The main mineral phases at the burning temperature of 1000–1100oC are quartz, feldspars, ferruginous silicates and aluminosilicates (fayalite, hypersten, etc.), hematite. The peculiarities of phase and mineralogical transformations allow one to recommend burning products on the basis of screenings at temperatures of 1000°C and higher.

Kh.S. YAVRUYAN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.D. KOTLYAR , Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
E.S. GAISHUN, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.S. OKHOTNAYA, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don state University of civil engineering (1, Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344000, Russian Federation)

1. Yavruyan K.S., Kotlyar V.D., Lotoshnikova Ye.O., Gaishun E.S. Investigation of medium-fraction materials processing of terriconics for production wall ceramic products. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 17–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-758-4-17-20 (In Russian).
2. Kotlyar V., Yavruyan K. Thin issues products of processing waste heaps as raw materials for ceramic wall products // MATEC Web Conferences. International Conference on Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment (ICMTMTE 2017). 2017. Vol. 129. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201712905013
3. Kotlyar V.D., Kozlov A.V., Kotlyar A.V., Terekhina Yu.V. Argillite-like clays of the South of Russia-a promising raw material for the production of clinker bricks. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2014. No. 7–3, pp. 847–850. (In Russian).
4. Kotlyar V., Yavruyan Kh., Gaishun E., Teryokhina Y. Сomprehensive approach to the processing of east Donbass spopl tip. 2018 IEEE International Conference “Management of Municipal Waste as an Important Factor of Sustainable Urban Development” (WASTE 2018). 4–6 October 2018. Saint Petersburg, pp. 22–25. 10.1109/WASTE.2018.8554158
5. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Ivanov A.I., Fomina O.A.. Use of coal-mining and processing wastes in production of bricksand fuel for their burning. Procedia Engineering. 2016. Vol. 150, pp. 1496–1502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.089
6. Yavruyan Kh.S., Kotlyar V.D., Gaishun E.S. Medium-fraction materials for processing of coal-thread waste drains for the production of wall ceramics. Materials and Technologies in Construction and Architecture. Materials Science Forum Submitte. 2018. Vol. 931, pp. 532–536.
7. Storozhenko G.I., Stolboushkin A.Yu., Ivanov A.I. Coal argillite recycling in ceramic raw materials and process fuel production. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 8, pp. 50–59. (In Russian).
8. Pacheco-Torgal F., P.B. Lourenço, J.A. Labrincha, S. Kumar, P. Chindaprasirt, Eco-efficcient Masonry Bricks and blocks. 1st edition. Desing, Properties and Durability. Woodhead Publishing. 2014. 548 p.
9. Yapaskurt O.V. Litologiya [Lithology]. Moscow. Akademiya. 2008. 336 p.
10. Gaishun E.S., Yavruyan Kh.S., Kotlyar V.D. Technology of production of high-performance ceramic stones on the basis of products of processing of coal dumps. Materials of the XIII International Scientific and Technical Conference of Young Scientists, dedicated to the memory of Professor V.I. Kalashnikov “Theory and practice of improving the efficiency of building materials”. Penza: PGASU. 2018, pp. 18–26. (In Russian).

Nowadays concrete and reinforced concrete products and structures are widely used in the construction of various hydraulic facilities. A part of the scientific research carried out in this area is devoted to obtaining binding materials of different types and composition at the same cement consumption and water-cement ratio, concretes with different aggregates on the basis of these binders and the study of the conditions of their hardening. The dependence of changes in the water-cement ratio and properties of concrete when using different additives is established. The authors conducted the study aimed at improving the basic properties of hydraulic concrete mix due to the use of local mineral additives: volcanic rocks and technogenic waste subjected to activation. From the local volcanic rock Tovuz trass, Jeyranchol volcanic ash and as technogenic waste – waste of aluminum production at the Ganja alumina refinery and open-hearth slag are used. Studies using microsilica have also been conducted for comparison purposes. Mineral additives were introduced into the mixture in the amount of 5–20% of the cement consumption. The effect of mineral additives on the basic construction and technological properties of concrete mix and on the basic physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete was studied. Comparative analysis of the results shows the use of fine ground additives is possible when replacing 5–15% of cement. The use of these local additives has the same effective impact as microsilica. For this purpose, local additives were grinded to the specific surface of 250, 370, 470, 560 m2/kg, and then test samples were made and tested after 28 days of normal hardening. The analysis of test results suggests the following: cement consumption can be reduced by 5–10% using the activated Tovuz trass; cement consumption can be reduced by 5–15% using activated Jeyranchol volcanic ash; cement consumption can be reduced by 5% using industrial waste of aluminum oxide of Ganja alumina refinery plant; cement consumption can be reduced by 5–15% using open-hearth slag. In this case, the basic properties of concrete will remain. The dynamics of changes in the compressive strength of samples made with the use of fine disperse waste in comparison with non-additive concrete is presented.

T.A. HAGVERDIYEVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
R. JAFAROV, Master (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Azerbaijani University of Architecture and Construction (AZ 1073, Azerbaijan, Baku, A. Sultanova St., 5)

1. Jafarov R.M., Hagverdieva T.A. Determination of compressive strength of the concrete retaining wall of the harbor located at Baku Deep Water Jacket Plant by non-destructive method. Materials of the International Conference on the Perspectives for Development of the Construction Materials Industry in Azerbaijan, dedicated to the 40th Anniversary of the Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction. Baku, December 18, 2015, pp. 72–79. (In Azerbaijani).
2. Vernigorova V.N., Sadenko S.M. The structure of the concrete mix and the role of water in its physico-chemical conversion into concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 52–55. (In Russian).
3. Rashad A. Preliminary study on the effect of fine aggregate replacement with metakaolin on strength and abrasion resistance of concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2013. Vol. 44, pp. 487–495.
4. Vernigorova V.N., Sadenko S.M. On the non-stationarity of physico-chemical processes occurring in the concrete mixture Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 1–2, pp. 86–89. (In Russian).
5. Savelieva M.A., Urkhanova L.A., Khardaev P.K. Prospects for the use of colloidal additives for the modification of cement stone. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 11, pp. 59–63. (In Russian).
6. Bazhenov Yu.M., Falikman V.R., Bulgakov B.I. Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in modern technology of concrete. Vestnik MGSU. 2012. No. 12, pp. 125–133. (In Russian).
7. Hagverdiyeva T.A., Jafarov R.M. X-ray phase analysis of the concrete modified with complex additives for hydraulic installations. International Scientific-Practical Conference on Water, Energy Supply and Ecological Problems in Modern Construction. Baku, November 27–28, 2018, pp. 92–95. (In Azerbaijani).
8. Anisimov S.N., Kononova O.V., Minakov Y.A., Leshkanov A.Yu., Smirnov A.O. Study of the strength of heavy concrete with plasticizing and mineral additives. Modern problems of science and education. 2015. No. 2–1. http://www.science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=21276 (Date of access: 11/13/2018). (In Russian).
9. Kastorny L.I., Detochenko I.A., Arinina E.S. Influence of water retaining additives on some properties of self-compacting concrete. Part 2. Rheological characteristics of concrete mixes and strength of self-compacting concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 11, pp. 22–27. (In Russian).
10. Kastorny L.I., Rautkin A.V., Raev A.S. Influence of water retaining additives on some properties of self-compacting concrete. Part 2. Rheological characteristics of concrete mixes and strength of self-compacting concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 7, pp. 34–38. (In Russian).
11. Ivashchenko Yu.G., Kozlov N.A. Complex organomineral modifier for high-quality concrete. International Scientific Conference «Mathematical methods in engineering and technology» MMTT-25. Volgograd, May 29–31, 2012, pp. 164–166. (In Russian).

The article presents the results of the research in the search of rational use of waste generated in the manufacturing process of heat-insulation boards on the basis of polyisocyanurate foam (PIR). When processing the resulting waste, an additional raw material component is involved – a gypsum binder. Tests to determine the thermal conductivity and strength of the newly obtained material were carried out, its characteristics were evaluated, its efficiency and needs for the final product at the market of building materials were analyzed. It was found that the combined use of gypsum binder and PIR additive, the material with indicators of thermal insulation and strength at an acceptable level for secondary use was obtained. The results of studies have shown that with the optimal composition of gypsum and additives, the new building material is not inferior in key indicators to widespread drywall and gypsum board. This is one of the indicators of the future demand for the obtained material in the field of construction.

A.F. BURYANOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
I.V. MOROZOV¹, Bachelor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
N.A. GAL’TSEVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.A. LOKTIONOVA¹, Bachelor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.N. SHALIMOV², Leading technical specialist (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
D.A. IL’IN², Technical specialist (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² OOO “TECHNONIKOL-Building Systems” (47, bldg. 5, Gilyarovskogo Street, Moscow, 129110, Russian Federation)

1. Bezdenezhnykh M.A., Muniyeva E.Yu., Zhukov A.D. Building materials and environment. Perspektivy nauki. 2017. No. 11 (98), pp. 39–42. http://moofrnk.com/assets/files/journals/science-prospects/98/science-prospect-11(98)--main.pdf (Date of access 05.11.18). (In Russian).
2. Golov V.I., Timofeyeva Ya.O. Domestic and industrial wastes: possibilities of utilization and reserves of self-purifi cation of soil cover. Vestnik dal’nevostochnogo otdeleniya Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk. 2008. No. 1 (137), pp. 91–97. https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_13074080_35290200.pdf (Date of access 06.11.18). (In Russian).
3. Technical sheet No. 08.01. Version 04.2017. Thermal insulating slabs PIR, produced according to STR 72746455-3.8.1–2014. (In Russian).
4. Pustovgar A.P. Experience in the use of gypsum binders in the construction of buildings. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2008. No. 3, pp. 81–85. (In Russian).
5. Mulyar S.N. The use of extruded polystyrene in sandwich panels. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials] 2000. No. 11, pp. 23. (In Russian).
6. Semenov A.A. Russian market of gypsum: present-day situation and development perspective. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2009. No. 2, pp. 79–81. (In Russian).
7. Gravit M.V., Kuleshin A.S., Belyaeva S.V. National standards for rigid spray-on PUR and PIR foams. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 10, pp. 58–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-753-10-58-64. (In Russian).
8. Hummel H.W. Technology of internal insulation of premises on the basis of gypsum-cardboard slabs. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 7, pp. 48–55. (In Russian).
9. Babkov A.Yu. Lines and installations for the production of polyurethane foam sandwich panels. Plasticheskiye massy. 2007. No. 3, pp. 20–23. https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_15515832_97748849.pdf (Date of access 10.11.18). (In Russian).
10. Tuchin D.A., Kabanova D.V., Meshalkin R.S., Tonoyan A.S., Fedukin K.S. Analysis of the use of drywall in the construction of residential buildings and structures. Economika i predprinimatelstvo. 2017. No. 12–3 (93), pp. 1064–1066. (In Russian).
11. Korovyakov V.F. Prospects for the production and use in the construction of waterproof gypsum binders and products. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2008. No. 3, pp. 65–67. (In Russian).
12. Panchenko A.I., Buryanov A.F., Soloviev V.G., Kozlov N.V., Pashkevich S.A. Complex assessment of efficiency of using gypsum binder of enhanced water resistance. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2014. No. 12, pp. 72–75. https://elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_22705746_58323037.pdf (Date of access 05.11.18). (In Russian).
13. Stefanenko I.V. Effective development of high the technologies in bulding industry. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2011. No. 5 (37), pp. 95–98. http://oreluniver.ru/public/file/archive/5-37.pdf (Date of access 08.09.18). (In Russian).

Concrete and reinforced concrete structures during operation are exposed to various aggressive influences, including those associated with high and low temperatures. The most common aggressive action causing destruction is the effect of low temperature, which leads to freezing of moisture in the concrete body. Another common impact is the effect of high temperature on unprotected concrete due to the occurrence and development of fire. At high temperature effects on concrete and reinforced concrete structures there is a decrease in their strength and stiffness, including irreversible, due to the violation and change in the structure of the hardened Portland cement. The possibility of further operation of such damaged structures, their recovery is determined by the results of the surveys. Scientific developments in the field of concrete operation under extreme temperature conditions are actively conducted, methods of protection are developed and methods of calculations are improved.

A.A. PARFENOV¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
O.A. SIVAKOVA¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
O.A. GUSAR’², Bachelor
V.V. BALAKIREVA², Bachelor

¹ JSC “Design-Technological Bureau of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete” (JSC “KTB RC”) (Bldg. 15A, 6, 2-nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow, 109428, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Latypov V.M., Latypova T.V., Lutsyk E.V., Fedorov P.A. Dolgovechnost’ betona i zhelezobetona v prirodnykh agressivnykh sredakh [The durability of concrete and reinforced concrete in natural aggressive environments. Ufa: Publishing house of the Ufa State Oil Technical University]. 2014. 288 p.
2. Babushkin V.I. Fiziko-khimicheskie protsessy korrozii betona i zhelezobetona [Physical and chemical corrosion processes of concrete and reinforced concrete]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1968. 187 p.
3. Minasyan A.A. Field tests of precast concrete slabs subjected to cyclic freezing and thawing. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2018. No. 6 (80), pp. 44–52. (In Russian).
4. Gorchakov G.I. Kapkin M.M. Skramtaev B.G. Povyshenie morozostoikosti betona promyshlennykh i grazhdanskikh sooruzhenii [Increase of frost resistance of concrete of industrial and civil constructions]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1965. 195 p.
5. Leonovich S.N., Zaitsev Yu.V., Dorkin V.V., Litvinovskii D.A. Prochnost’, treshchinostoikost’ i dolgovechnost’ konstruktsionnogo betona pri temperaturnykh i vlazhnostnykh vozdeistviyakh. [Durability, crack resistance and durability of structural concrete at temperature and humidity effects Monograph]. Moscow: INFRA-M. 2018. 258 p.
6. Moskvin V.M., Ivanov F.M., Alekseev S.N., Guzeev E.A. Korroziya betona i zhelezobetona, metody ikh zashchity [Corrosion of concrete and reinforced concrete, methods of their protection]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1980. 536 p.
7. Leonovich S.N., Litvinovskiy D.A. Destruction viscosity of high-strength concrete after high temperature impact. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 11, pp. 12–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-754-11-12-17. (In Russian).
8. Leonovich S.N., Litvinovskii D.A. Properties of structural concrete after a fire. Sudebnaya ekspertiza Belarusi. 2017. No. 2 (5), pp. 51–57. (In Russian).
9. Moskvin V.M., Kapkin M.M., Mazur B.M., Podval’nyi A.M. Stoikost’ betona i zhelezobetona pri otritsatel’noi temperature [Resistance of concrete and reinforced concrete at negative temperature]. Moscow: Gosstroyizdat. 1967. 132 p.
10. Kuntsevich O.V. Betony vysokoi morozostoikosti dlya sooruzhenii Krainego Severa [High frost resistance concretes for buildings of the Far North]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat. 1983. 130 p.
11. Milovanov A.F. Zhelezobetonnye temperaturostoikie konstruktsii [Reinforced concrete heat-resistant constructions]. Moscow: NIIZhB. 2005. 234 p.
12. Milovanov A.F. Stoikost’ zhelezobetonnykh konstruktsii pri pozhare [Resistance of reinforced concrete structures in case of fire]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1998. 304 p.
13. Fedorov V.S., Levitskii V.E., Molchadskii I.S., Aleksandrov A.V. Ognestoikost’ i pozharnaya opasnost’ stroitel’nykh konstruktsii [Fire resistance and fire hazard of building constructions]. Moscow: ASV. 2009. 410 p.
14. Il’in N.A. Posledstviya ognevogo vozdeistviya na zhelezobetonnye konstruktsii [The effects of fire exposure for concrete constructions]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1979. 128 p.

The results of the study of stress relaxation of decking boards containing the combined wood and mineral filler are presented. Terraced boards with matrix polymer – polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were used. Wood flour (content 60%) was used as a wood filler, and chalk (CaCO₃, content 40%) was used as a mineral filler. The optimal ratio of wood and mineral fillers was 60/40%. The stress relaxation during compression deformation of 3% and different temperatures in the range from 20 to 70°C was investigated. Also, experiments on stress relaxation at the temperature of 20°C and deformations from 2 to 5% were carried out in order to identify areas of linear and nonlinear relaxation behavior. The relaxation curves were approximated using the Boltzmann equation with relaxation cores T1(τ) and T2(τ). It was found that the calculated initial stress σ₀ for the studied sample is in the range from 61.70 to 42.08 MPa with an increase in temperature from 20 to 70°C. At the same time, for a standard sample containing only wood filler, these indicators range from 44.1 to 40.63 MPa. Experimental stresses σ_0.5, developing in 0.5 min, for the studied sample are in the range from 46.45 to 28.60 MPa with an increase in temperature from 20 to 70°C, and for a standard sample from 34.96 to 29.27 MPa. Experimental stresses σ₁₈₀, developing in 180 minutes, for the studied sample are in the range from 31.82 to 15.43 MPa with an increase in temperature from 20 to 70°C, and for a standard sample – from 25.94 to 6.13 MPa. Consequently the addition of mineral filler to wood-polymer composite (WPC) increases the relaxing stresses, which can contribute to long-term mechanical performance.

A.A. ASKADSKII^{1, 2}, Doctor of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.V. MATSEEVICH², Junior Researcher (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
K.S. PIMINOVA², Magistrant (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
O.A. GORBACHEVA¹, Magistrant (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
T.A. MATSEEVICH¹, Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.I. KONDRASHCHENKO³, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS) (28, Vavilova Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federetion)
³ Russian University of Transport (9, build 9, Obrazcova Street, Moscow, 127994, Russian Federation)

1. Moroz P.А., Аskadskii Аl.А., Matseevich T.А., Solov’eva E.V., Аskadskii А.А. Use of secondary polymers for production of wood and polymeric composites. Plasticheskie massy. 2017. No. 9–10, pp. 56–61. (In Russian).
2. Matseevich T.А., Аskadskii А.А. Mechanical properties of a terrace board on the basis of polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinylchloride. Stroitel’stvo: nauka i obrazovanie. 2017. Vol. 7. No. 3 (24), pp. 48–59. (In Russian).
3. Аbushenko А.V., Voskobojnikov I.V., Kondratyuk V.А. Production of products from WPC. Delovoj zhurnal po derevoobrabotke. 2008. No. 4. pp. 88–94. (In Russian).
4. Ershova O.V., Chuprova L.V., Mullina E.R., Mishurina O.A. The study of the dependence of the properties of wood-polymer composites on the chemical composition of the matrix. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2014. No. 2, pp. 26. https://www.science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=12363. (Date of access 17.04.18). (In Russian).
5. Klesov А.А. Drevesno-polimernye kompozity [Wood and polymeric composites]. Saint Petersburg: Nauchnye osnovy i tekhnologii. 2010. 736 p.
6. Walcott М.Р., Englund К.A. A technology review of wood-plastic composites; 3ed. N.Y.: Reihold Publ. Corp., 1999. 151 p.
7. Rukovodstvo po razrabotke kompozitsij na osnove PVKH [The guide to development of compositions on the basis of PVC] / R.F. Grossman (ed.). Saint Petersburg: Nauchnye osnovy i tekhnologii. 2009. 608 p.
8. Kickelbick G. Introduction to hybrid materials // Hybrid Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications / G. Kickelbick (ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2007. 498 p.
9. Uilki CH., Sammers Dzh., Daniels CH. Polivinilkhlorid [The polyvinylchloride] / G.E. Zaikov (ed.). Saint Petersburg: Professiya, 2007. 728 p.
10. Kokta B.V., Maldas D., Daneault C., Beland P. Composites of polyvinyl chloride-wood fibers. Рolymer-plastics Technology Engineering. 1990. Vol. 29, pp. 87–118.
11. Nizamov R.K. Polyvinylchloride compositions of construction appointment with multifunctional fillers. Doc. Diss. (Engineering). Kazan. 2007. 369 p. (In Russian).
12. Stavrov V.P., Spiglazov A.V., Sviridenok A.I. Rheological parameters of molding thermoplastic composites high-filled with wood particles. International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2007. Vol. 12. No. 2, pp. 527–536.
13. Burnashev A.I. The high-filled polyvinylchloride construction materials on the basis of the nano-modified wood floor. Cand. Diss. (Engineering). Kazan. 2011. 159 p. (In Russian).
14. Figovsky O., Borisov Yu., Beilin D. Nanostructured binder for acid-resisting building materials. Scientific Israel – Technological Advantages. 2012. Vol. 14. No. 1, pp. 7–12.
15. Hwang S.-W., Jung H.-H., Hyun S.-H., Ahn Y.-S. Effective preparation of crack-free silica aerogels via ambient drying. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 2007. Vol. 41, pp. 139–146.
16. Pomogaylo A.D. Synthesis and intercalation chemistry of hybrid organo-inorganic nanocomposites. Vysokomolekulyarnye soedineniya. 2006. Vol. 48. No. 7, pp. 1317–1351. (In Russian).
17. Figovsky O.L., Beylin D.A., Ponomarev A.N. Progress of application of nanotechnologies in construction materials. Nanotekhnologii v stroitel’stve. 2012. No. 3, pp. 6–21. (In Russian).
18. Korolev E.V. The principle of realization of nanotechnology in construction materials science. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 6, pp. 60–64. (In Russian).
19. Abushenko A.B. Wood and polymeric composites: merge of two branches. Mebel’shhik. 2005. No. 3. pp. 32–36. (In Russian).
20. Abushenko A.V., Voskoboynikov I.V., Kondratyuk V. A. Production of products from WPC. Delovoj zhurnal po derevoobrabotke. 2008. No. 4, pp. 88–94. (In Russian).
21. Abushenko A.V. Extrusion of wood and polymeric composites. Mebel’shhik. 2005. No. 2, pp. 20–25. (In Russian).
22. Shkuro А.E., Glukhikh V.V., Mukhin N.M., etc. Influence of maintenance of a sevilen in a polymeric matrix on properties of wood and polymeric composites. Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2012. No. 17. Vol. 15, pp. 92–95. (In Russian).
23. Askadskii A.A. New possible types of kernels of a relaxation. Mekhanika kompozitnih materialov. 1987. No. 3, pp. 403–409. (In Russian).
24. Askadskii A.A. Computational Materials Science of Polymers. Cambridge International Science Publishing. Cambridge. 2003. 695 p.
25. Askadskii A.A., Kondrashchenko V.I. Komp’yuternoe materialovedenie polimerov. Tom 1. Аtomno-molekulyarnyj uroven’ [Computer materials science of polymers. Volume 1. Atomic and molecular level]. Moscow: Nauchnyi mir. 1999. 534 p.
26. Askadskii A.A., Khokhlov A.R. Vvedenie v fiziko-khimiyu polimerov [Introduction to fiziko-chemistry of polymers]. Moscow: The scientific World. 2009. 380 p.
27. Askadskii A.A., Popova M.N., Kondrashchenko V.I. Fiziko-khimiya polimernykh materialov i metody ikh issledovaniya [Fiziko-himiya of polymeric materials and methods of their research]. Moscow: ASV. 2015. 408 p.
28. Askadskii A.A., Tishin S.A., Kazantseva V.V., Kovriga O.V. Loaf the mechanism of deformation of heatresistant aromatic polymers on the example of a poliimid. Vysokomolekulijarnie soedinenija. 1990. Ser. A. Vol. 32. No. 12, pp. 2437–2445. (In Russian).
29. Askadskii A.A., Tishin S.A., Tsapovetsky M.I., Kazantseva V.V., Kovriga O.V, Tishin V. A. The complex analysis of the mechanism of deformation and relaxation processes in a poliimida. Vysokomolekulijarnie soedinenija. 1992. Ser. A. Vol. 34. No. 1, pp. 62–72. (In Russian).
30. Gaylord R.J., Joss B., Bendler J.T., Di Marzio E.A. The Continuous-Time Random Walk Description of the Non-equilibrium Mechanical Response of Crosslinked Elastomers. Brit. Polymer Journal. 1985. Vol. 17. No. 2, pр. 126–128.
31. International scientific and technical conference polymeric composites and tribology (POLIKOMTRIB-2017). Theses of reports. Gomel, Belarus. June 27–30, 2017.
32. Askadskii A.A., Piminova K.S., Matseevich A.V. The relaxation properties of decking boards made from wood-polymer composites (WPC). Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 6, pp. 45–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-760-6-45-52. (In Russian).

The analysis of the stress-strain state occurring in the walls during the shrinkage of masonry of cellular concrete blocks mounted on the reinforced concrete monolithic floor is made. A numerical model of the frame stone filling is developed. It is shown that under the influence of shrinkage the value of the main tensile stresses in the stone masonry nonlinearly depends on the stiffness of the wall connection nodes with the vertical elements of the frame. When fixing the walls with rigid ties, in the masonry there are bursts of stresses in the places of installation of binding elements. The expediency of setting the links, ensuring the freedom of deformations of masonry in the plane of walls, but preventing its displacement from the plane of the frame is substantiated. Recommendations on reinforcement of window-sill and above the opening belts of masonry with steel or composite meshes placed in horizontal mortar joints of masonry are given.

V.N. DERKACH¹, Doctor of Scinses (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.S. GORSHKOV², Candidate of Scinses (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
R.B. ORLOVICH³, Doctor of Scinses (Engineering)

¹ Branch of Republican Unitary Enterprise «Institute BelNIIS» – «Scientific-Technical Center» (267/2, Moskovskaya Street, Brest, 224023, Republic of Belarus)
² Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (29, Polytechnicheskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 195251, Russian Federation)
³ West-Pomeranian Technological University (51, Piastov Street, Shchetsin, 71062, Poland)

1. Derkach V.N., Orlovich R.B. Crack growth resistance of masonry walls. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 8, pp. 34–37. (In Russian).
2. Derkach V.N. Researches of the stress-strain state of masonry partitions at a deflection of the floor. Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitelstvo. 2013. No. 6, pp. 62–66. (In Russian).
3. Derkach V.N. Experimental researches of masonry partitions with the door opening at a deflection of the floor. Stroitelstvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2013. No. 4 (48), pp. 14–22. (In Russian).
4. Vishnevsy A.A., Grinfeld G.I. Choice of production technology of autoclaved cellular concrete: impact or molding. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 8, pp. 4–7. (In Russian).
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6. Kornienko S.V., Vatin N.I., Gorshkov A.S. Thermophysical field testing of residential buildings made of autoclaved aerated concrete blocks. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2016. No. 4, pp. 10–25.
7. Vatin N.I., Gorshkov A.S., Korniyenko S.V., Pestryakov I.I. Consumer properties of wall products from autoclaved aerated concrete. Stroitelstvo unikalnykh zdaniy i sooruzheniy. 2016. No. 1 (40), pp. 78–101. (In Russian).
8. Gorshkov A.S., Vatin N.I., Korniyenko S.V., Pestryakov I.I. Correspondence of walls from autoclaved aerated concrete to modern requirements for thermal protection of buildings. Part I. Energosberezheniye. 2016. No. 2, pp. 41–53. (In Russian).
9. Gorshkov A.S., Vatin N.I., Korniyenko S.V., Pestryakov I.I. Correspondence of walls from autoclaved aerated concrete to modern requirements for thermal protection of buildings. Part II. Energosberezheniye. 2016. No. 3, pp. 62–69. (In Russian).
10. STB 1570–2005 Concretes are cellular. Technical conditions. (In Russian).
11. STB EN 680–2008 Determination of shrinkage of autoclaved cellular concrete. (In Russian).
12. EN 1996-1-1:2005 Eurocode 6. Design of masonry structures. Part 1-1.
13. STO 87313302.13330-001–2012 Designs using autoclaved aerated concrete in the construction of buildings and structures. Rules of design and construction. (In Russian).
14. Derkach V.N. Deformation characteristics of masonry in the plane stress state. Stroitelstvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2012. No. 2 (40), pp. 3–11. (In Russian).
15. EN 845-1:2013 Specification for ancillary components for masonry – Part 1: Wall ties, tension straps, hangers and brackets.

Commodity flows (production, import, export, consumption, prices) of feldspar raw materials in Russia for the period 2001–2017 are considered in dynamics. A list of consumers – manufacturers of ceramic granite, ceramic tiles, sheet and container glass, porcelain insulators, etc. is presented. The Russian market of feldspar raw materials has an intensive growth due to the creation of new productions of ceramic granite, which increased the consumption of raw materials from 300 to 1340 thousand tons / year. Also, the growth is provided by an increase in its imports from 10 to 660 thousand tons/year. Main supplier-countries are Turkey (up to 430 thousand tons/year) and Ukraine (up to 380 thousand tons/year). The maximum annual import of feldspar raw materials amounted to 612 thousand tons by weight (46.4% of consumption) in the amount of $41 million. The raw material base of feldspar raw materials in Russia is practically unlimited. Productions operating in Karelia and the Urals can easily increase production of feldspar. The creation of new extracting enterprises in the North Caucasus and Southern Yakutia is possible. As measures of import substitution, it is proposed to create new production facilities for the extraction of feldspar raw materials, measures for the development of enrichment technologies and the possibility of using already extracted volumes of nepheline raw materials in the production of ceramic raw materials.

V.Yu. KHAT’KOV^{1, 2}, Head of Department, Engineer

¹ Gazprom PAO (2, Pobedy Square, Saint Petersburg, 196143, Russian Federation)
² National research Tomsk Polytechnic University (30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation)

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