Facade insulation with plastering on the grid is used in Europe for more than 60 years. In the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan, this type of heat-efficient exterior wall became widespread in the late 1990s. Facade insulation systems with thin plaster have a number of significant advantages: due to the small weight the system does not create a significant additional load on the inner layer of the wall; the use of plastic disc-shaped dowels with a steel core for fixing the insulation makes it possible to minimize the formation of cold bridges and reduce the required thickness of the insulation layer; also their high maintainability. In 2003–2018, the authors conducted monitoring of objects erected with the use of facade insulation systems. The survey found that facade insulation of the vast majority of objects, as performed in recent years, and having a service life of 15–20 years, is in quite a operable state, destruction of the plaster coating on a large area, the detachment of the slabs of insulation from the wall or substantial destruction of insulation boards (both mineral wool, and polystyrene) are not fixed. Based on the results of the surveys, recommendations to prevent defects and improve the technology of installation of facade insulation systems have been developed and successfully implemented.

V.V. BABKOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
D.A. SINITSIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
D.V. KUZNETSOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.M. GAYSIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
E.A. SINITSINA, Bachelor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (195, Mendeleeva Street, Ufa, 450062, Russian Federation)

1. Sinitsin D.A. The durability of plaster coatings in systems of facade heat insulation. Cand. Diss. (Engineering). Ufa. 2006. 198 p. (In Russian).
2. Babkov V.V., Gaysin A.M., Fedortsev I.V., Sinitsin D.A., Kuznetsov D.V., Naftulovich I.M., Kildibaev R.S., Kolesnik G.S., Karanaeva R.Z., Savateev E.B., DolGodvorov V.A., Guselnikova N.E., Gareev P.P. Heat-efficient structures of the external walls of buildings used in the design and construction practice of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2006. No. 5, pp. 43–46. (In Russian).
3. Gagarin V.G. Thermal insulating facades with a thin plaster layer. AVOK. 2007. No. 7, pp. 66–74. https://www.abok.ru/for_spec/articles.php?nid=3772 (In Russian).
4. Golunov S.A., Pustovgar A.P., Pashkevich S.A., Dudyakov E.V. Evaluation of the efficiency of modern composition facade systems with thin plaster layers and mineral wool heat insulation. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2010. No. 11, pp. 21–27. (In Russian).
5. Babkov V.V., Gaysin A.M., Kolesnik G.S., Karanaeva R.Z. et al. Operational reliability of facade insulation systems Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2008. No. 2, pp. 20–26. (In Russian).
6. Gagarin V.G. Thermal insulating facades with a thin plaster layer. AVOK. 2007. No. 6, pp. 82–90. https://www.abok.ru/for_spec/articles.php?nid=3721 (In Russian).
7. Savin V.K. Durability and efficiency of buildings. Steny i fasady. 2004. No. 3–4. pp. 21–36. (In Russian).
8. Bedov A.I., Gabitov A.I., Znamenskiy V.V. Otsenka tekhnicheskogo sostoyaniya, vosstanovleniye i usileniye osnovaniy i stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy ekspluatiruyemykh zdaniy i sooruzheniy. Uchebnoye posobiye. V 2 chastyakh. Chast’ 2. Vosstanovleniye i usileniye osnovaniy i stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy ekspluatiruyemykh zdaniy [Assessment of the technical condition, restoration and strengthening of the foundations and building structures of operated buildings and structures. Tutorial. In 2 parts. Part 2. Restoration and strengthening of the foundations and building structures of operated buildings]. Moscow. 2017. 924 p.
9. Fokin K.F. Stroitel’naya teplotekhnika ograzhdayushchikh chastey zdaniy. Pod red. Tabunshchikova Yu.A., Gagarina V.G. [Construction heat engineering of enclosing parts of buildings. Edited by Tabunshchikova Yu.A., Gagarin V.G.]. Moscow: AVOK-PRESS. 2006. 256 p.
10. Gagarin V.G., Bessonov I.V. Conclusion on the second stage of scientific and technical work on the topic “Determination of the calculated heat engineering parameters of extruded foam polystyrene “Penoplex ”of grades 35F, 31C and 35. Calculation of the humidity regime of laminated structures of external walls with thermal insulation “Penoplex” in the annual cycle of operation”. Moscow: NIISF RAASN. 2008. 22 p. (In Russian).
11. Ershov M.N., Babiy I.N., Meneyluk I.A. Analysis of technological peculiarities of application of facade systems of heat insulation. Tekhnologiya i organizatsiya stroitel’nogo proizvodstva. 2015. No. 4–1, pp. 43–47. (In Russian).
12. Zhukov V.I., Evseyev L.D. Typical disadvantages of external insulation of buildings with polystyrene foam. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2007. No. 6, pp. 27–31. (In Russian).
13. Double benefit of each meter with efficient heat insulation PENOPLEX^® and reliable waterproof insulation PLASTFOIL^®Geo. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 5, pp. 44–46. (In Russian).
14. Heat insulation of ground and first floors with efficient heat insulation PENOPLEX^® is optimal choice for faсade system. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 1–2, pp. 18–19. (In Russian).
15. Bessonov I.V., Alekhin S.V. Assessment of resistance to climatic influences of facade systems of external insulation with a thin plaster layer. Krovel’nye i izolyatsionnye materialy. 2009. No. 7, pp. 12–15. (In Russian).

Solving the problem of replacing products and structures of transport construction made of wood and reinforced concrete to more efficient composite materials is an important task, the solution of which will improve the environment, reduce the cost of construction work, increase the reliability of structures. Improvement of composites requires a detailed study of both the relationship of emerging internal forces and factors determining them in the processes of manufacturing structures, and in the conditions of their operation under various types of force impacts. One such material is wood fiberglass composite material, which is the most economical and able to replace wood and reinforced concrete. Since the change in cross-sections in the adopted sleepers is not great, then to simplify the technology of their manufacture, the shape of the sleeper was decided to take the form of a bar of constant cross-section. The results of the studies show that tram sleepers made of wood fiberglass composite material of the proposed design meet all the strength conditions. Sleepers with non-supporting middle part have the greatest reserves of strength under operating loads.

B.A. BONDAREV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
T.N. STORODUBTSEVA², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
D.A. KOPALIN¹, Engineer, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
S.V. KOSTIN¹, Student

¹ Lipetsk State Technical University (30, Moskovskaya Street, Lipetsk, 398055, Russian Federation)
² Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov (8, Timiryazeva Street, Voronezh, 394087, Russian Federation)

1. Kosoj Yu.M. Rel’sovye puti tramvaev i vnutrizavodskih dorog [Tracks of trams and intra-factory roads]. Moscow: Transport. 1987. 296 p.
2. Elshin I.M. Polimerbetony v gidrotekhnicheskom stroitel’stve [Polymer concrete in hydraulic engineering]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1980. 192 p.
3. Solomatov V.I., Potapov Yu.B., Choshchiev K.Ch., Babaev M.G. Effektivnye kompozicionnye stroitel’nye materialy i konstrukcii [Efficient composite building materials and structures]. Ashkhabad: YLYM, 1991. 266 p.
4. Paturoev V.V. Polimerbetony [Polymer concrete]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1987. 286 p.
5. Livshic Ya.D., Vinogradskij D.Yu., Rudenko Yu.D. Avtodorozhnye mosty (proezzhaya chast’) [Road bridges (roadway)]. Kiev: Budivel’nik. 1980. 160 p.
6. Harchevnikov V.I. Fundamentals of structure formation of fiberglass polymer concrete. Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Stroitel’stvo i arhitektura. 1987. No. 11, pp. 62–66. (In Russian).
7. Patent RF 2032638. Sostav dlya kompozicionnogo materiala [Composition for composite material]. Harchev-nikov V.I., Pluzhnikova O.P. Declared 24.03.92. Published 10.04.95. Bulletin No. 4. (In Russian).
8. Patent № 203278 RF, MKI. Stroitel’nyj element [Building element] / Harchevnikov V.I., Pluzhniko-va O.P. № 5030855. Declared 04.03.1992. Published 10.04.1995. Bulletin No. 4. (In Russian).
9. Harchevnikov V.I., Zobov S.Yu., Buhonov Yu.N., Pluzhnikova O.P., Storodubceva T.N. Integrated use of wood waste the task of time. Resource-saving and environmentally friendly technologies in forestry enterprises complex and training of forestry personnel: Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. Voronezh, 1994, pp. 54–56. (In Russian).
10. Harchevnikov V.I., Bondarev B.A., Buhonov Yu.N., Zobov S.Yu., Pluzhnikova O.P. Wood fiber polymer concrete. Modern problems of building material. Materials of the International Scientific and Technical Conference. Samara. 1995, pp. 24–27. (In Russian).
11. Naumenko B. C. Vzaimodejstvie rel’sovogo puti s podvizhnym sostavom i raschet puti na prochnost’ [Interaction of a rail track with rolling stock of get and calculation of a way on durability]. Moscow: MEI, 1973. 113 p.
12. Bondarev B.A., Harchevnikov V.I., Storodubceva T.N., Komarov P.V. Dolgovechnost’ kompozicionnyh materialov na osnove othodov drevesiny v konstrukciyah special’nogo naznacheniya [Durability of composite materials based on wood waste in special purpose structures]. Lipetsk: LGTU, 2007. 200 p.
13. Patеnt RF 2098375. Sostav dlya kompozicionnogo materiala [Composition for composite material]. V.I. Harchevnikov, T.N. Storodubceva, S.S. Nikulin, B.N. Bondarev. Voronezh. gos. lesootekhn. akad. Declared 06.07.95. Published 10.12.97. Bulletin No. 34. (In Russian).
14. Bondarev B.A., Bondarev A.B. Saprykin R.Yu., Korvyakov F.I., Kharchevnikov V. I. Prediction of cyclic durability of reinforced concrete sleepers made of wood-fiberglass composite materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2014. № 7 (715), pp. 78–81. (In Russian).
15. Storodubceva T.N., Arapov K.V. The use of modern materials in the manufacture of sleepers for the subway. Actual directions of scientific research of the XXI century: theory and practice: collection of scientific papers on the materials of the international correspondence scientific and practical conference. Voronezh. 2018. Vol. 6, No. 4 (40), pp. 105–108. (In Russian).
16. Borkov P.V., Komarov P.V., Bondarev A.B., Bondarev B.A. Accelerated method of forecasting durability of polymer composite material. Stroitel’stvo i arhitektura. 2013. No. 3 (31), p. 46. (In Russian).
17. Hudyakov V.A., Proshin A.P., Kislicyna S.N. Sovremennye kompozicionnye stroitel’nye materialy [Modern composite building materials]. Rostov-on-Don: Feniks. 2007. 220 p.
18. Starodubtseva T.N., Axomitny A.A., Elfimova M.V. Composite materials as one of the ways to solve the problem of forest industry waste realization. Voronezhskij nauchno-tekhnicheskij vestnik. 2014. No. 3 (9), pp. 79–83. (In Russian).
19. Starodubtseva T. N., Kharchevnikov V. I. Water-resistant composite material based on forest complex waste for railway sleepers. Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Stroitel’stvo. 2002. No. 12, pp. 74–78. (In Russian).
20. Hrulev V.M. Tekhnologiya i svojstva kompozicionnyh materialov dlya stroitel’stva [Technology and properties of composite materials for construction] Ufa: TAU, 2001. 168 p.
21. Prochnost’ i deformativnost’ konstrukcij s primeneniem plastmass [The strength and deformability of structures with the use of plastics]. Ed. A. B. Gubenko. Moscow: Stroizdat. 1966. 296 p.
22. Bartenev G.M., Zuev Yu.S. Prochnost’ i razrushenie vysokoelasticheskih materialov [Strength and fracture of highly elastic materials]. Moscow: Chemistry. 1964. 387 p.

The analysis of the possibility of reducing energy costs for firing a two-component The analysis of the possibility of reducing energy costs for roasting a two-component raw material charge including a carbonate component and waste of gravitational enrichment of coals by assessing theoretical energy costs for the process was made. Thermodynamic analysis of 33 reactions was performed to determine the possibility of solid-phase chemical reactions between clay minerals and the carbon-containing component of coal enrichment waste, as well as to determine the influence of the products of these reactions on the process of decarbonization of calcium carbonate and the formation of primary clinker minerals. Changes in Gibbs energy of chemical reactions of formation of primary clinker minerals are considered. It is established that the greatest thermodynamic probability is characterized by reactions, the products of which are bicalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate. The presence of organic matter in the feed mixture helps to reduce the Gibbs energy changes of chemical reactions.

A.A. RIAZANOV¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.I. VINNICHENKO², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.N. RIAZANOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (1, Kosmonavtov Street, Ufa, 450062, Russian Federation)
² Kharkiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (40, Sumska Street, Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine)

1. Shpirt M.Ya., Artem’ev V.B., Silyutin S.A. Ispol’zovanie tverdykh otkhodov dobychi i pererabotki uglei [The use of solid mine waste and coal processing waste]. Moscow: Gornoe delo, 2013. 432 p.
2. Ganopol’skii F.I. About the mineral composition of accompanying coal rocks of the Donbass. Ugol’ Ukrainy. 1985. No. 3, pp. 44–45. (In Russian).
3. Klassen V.K., Borisov I.N., Manuilov V.E., Khodykin E.I. Theoretical substantiation and efficiency of using coal waste as a raw material component in cement technology. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2007. No. 8, pp. 20–21. (In Russian).
4. Luginina I.G., Ibatulina L.Kh. The use of coal waste for cement production. Tsement. 1983. No. 11, p. 6. (In Russian).
5. Shirin-Zade I.N. The structure of clay-dolomite composite materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2010. No. 3, pp. 33–34. (In Russian).
6. Shelikhov N.S., Rakhimov R.Z., Sagdiev R.R., Stoyanov O.V. Low baked hydraulic binders. Problems and Solutions. Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2014. No. 2 (17), pp. 59–64. (In Russian).
7. Barbane I., Vitynya I., Lindynya L. Study of the chemical and mineralogical composition of romancement synthesized from Latvia’s clay and dolomite. Stroitel’nye Materialy [ Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 1, pp. 40–43. (In Russian).
8. Tislova R., Kozlowska A., Kozlowski R., Hughes D., Porosity and specific surface area of Roman cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research. 2009. No. 39 (2), pp. 950–956.
9. Babushkin V.I., Matveev G.M., Mchedlov-Petro-syan O.P. Termodinamika silikatov [Thermodynamics of silicates]. Moskow: Gosstroiizdat. 1986. 407 p.
10. Karapet’yants M.Kh., Karapet’yants M.P. Osnovnye termodinamicheskie konstanty neorganicheskikh i organicheskikh veshchestv [Basic thermodynamic constants of inorganic and organic substances]. Moscow: Khimiya. 1968. 472 p.
11. Eitel’ V. Fizicheskaya khimiya silikatov [Physical chemistry of silicates]. Moscow: Inostrannaya literatura. 1962. 1055 p.

Modern trends in the development of the global cement industry are to reduce the energy intensity of Portland cement production and reduce the environmental burden on the environment. The most negative side factors of production should be attributed to the large output of greenhouse gases. An effective solution to these problems may be the production of mixed binders based on less energy-intensive local cements modified by the addition of clinker when grinding. It is shown that the reduction of fuel costs up to 20–40% when manufacturing Portland cement is achieved by combining the thermal and technological cycles of processes for obtaining Portland cement clinker and lime-silica binder of low-temperature firing. Additional thermal effect is achieved through the use of fuel-containing fly ashes of thermal power plants or waste of coal improvement. The combined method of production of two types of binders makes it possible to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 22–60% per final mixed product compared to traditional production of Portland cement clinker. Also, this method makes it possible to significantly expand the possibilities of utilization of large-capacity technogenic waste – fuel ashes of thermal power plants and waste of coal enrichment. The efficiency of the proposed technology is confirmed by the production of a factory pilot batch of lime-ash cement in the amount of 60 tons.

A.N. RIAZANOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
R.Z. RAKHIMOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.I. VINNICHENKO³, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.A. RIAZANOV¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
N.R. RAKHIMOVA², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
I.V. NEDOSEKO¹, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (1, Kosmonavtov Street, Ufa, 450062, Russian Federation)
² Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, 420043, Kazan, Russian Federation)
³ Kharkiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (40, Sumy Street, Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine)

1. Vinnichenko V., Ryazanov A. Energy efficiency of binder application in concrete. International Journal of Engineering &Technology. 2018. Vol. 7 (4.3), рр. 335–338. DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19828
2. Rakhimov R.Z., Magdeev U.Kh. Ecology, scientific achievements and innovations in the manufacture of building materials on the basis and with the use of technogenic raw materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2009. No. 12, pp. 8–12. (In Russian).
3. Vinnichenko V.I., Ryazanov A.N. Ecological indices of manufacture of Portland cement clinker and production of the dolomite clinker. 6th International Scientific Cjnference “Reliabiality and durability of railway transport engineering stractures and buildings”. MATEC eb of Conferences 116. Kharkiv. April 19–21, 2017, pp. 75–79. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201711601020
4. Shelikhov N.S., Rakhimov R.Z., Senyushkina O.L. Technological aspects of obtaining low-quality hydraulic binders from the standpoint of energy and resource conservation. Eighth academic readings of RAASN. Current status and development prospects of building materials science. Samara. 2004. C. 592–595. (In Russian).
5. Luginina I.G., Ibatulina L.Kh. et al. Application of coal mining waste for cement production. Cement. 1983. No. 11. p. 6. (In Russian).
6. Shelikhov N.S., Rahimov R.Z. Hydraulic lime and romancement from mineral raw material of Tatarstan. Non-Traditional Cement and Concrete. III International Symposium. Brno. 2008. pp. 712–718.
7. Hughes D.C., Jaglin R., Kozlowski R, Mucha D. Roman cements – Belite cements calcined at low temperature. Cement and Concrete Research. 39(2):77-2009. No. 39, pp. 77–89. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.010
8. Tislova R., Kozlowska A., Kozlowski R., Hughes D. Porosity and specific surface area of Roman cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research. 2009. Vol. 39. Iss. 10, pp. 950–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.06.020
9. Hughesa D.C., Sugdena D.B., Jaglina D., Muchab D. Calcination of Roman cement: A pilot study using cement – stones from Whitby. Construction and Building Materials. Vol. 22. Iss. 7, pp. 1446–1455. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.04.003
10. Shirin-Zade I.N. Structure of clay dolomite composition materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2010. No. 3, pp. 33–34. (In Russian).
11. Barbane I., Vitina I., Lindina L. Study of the chemical and mineralogical composition of romancement synthesized from Latvia’s clay and dolomite. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 1, pp. 40–43. (In Russian).
12. Volzhenskiy A.V. Mineral’nyye vyazhushchiye veshchestva [Mineral binders]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1986. 130 p.
13. Shelikhov N.S., Sagdiyev P.P., Rakhimov R.Z., Stoyanov O.V. Romancement of low temperature firing. Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2013. Vol. 16. No. 19, pp. 62–66. (In Russian).
14. Sagdiyev P.P., Shelikhov N.S, Rakhimov R.Z., Stoyanov O.V. The influence of technological conditions of production and additives on the properties of composite carbonate-clay binder. Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2013. Vol. 16. No. 5, pp. 110–113. (In Russian).
15. Volzhenskiy A.V., Ryazanov A.N., Chistov YU.D., Karpova T.A. Fuel-saving technology of lime-ash cement. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 1989. No. 5, pp. 9–10. (In Russian).
16. USSR author’s certificate No. 1700909, С04В 2/10 Method for the production of hydraulic lime / Volzhensky A.V., Chistov Yu.D., Ryazanov A.N., Karpova T.A., Pogostnov A.P., Zubov Yu.A. Maletin V.V. 07/08/1987.
17. Riazanov A.N., Vinnichenko V.I., Nedoseco I.V., Riazanova V.A., Riazanov A.A. Structure and properties of lime-ash cement and its modification. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction materials]. 2018. No. 1–2, pp. 18–22. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-756-1-2-18-22

The statistics of reports of the XV international Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, held in Prague on September 16–20, 2019, is presented. The analysis of the presented reports by thematic sections, on the basis of which the main world direction of research – development and application of alternative binders is obvious, was carried out. The table of distribution of reports by countries and co-authorship reveals the leaders of cement science. These are China (63 reports), Germany (60 reports), Spain (33 reports), the USA and France (32 reports each). It is also concluded that international cooperation is expanding – more than 50% of the reports have authors from different countries. Statistics show that research in the chemistry of cement and materials on its basis is concentrated not only in universities, but is actively carried out in specialized institutes of building materials, construction institutes, own research centers of large industrial corporations, as well as military establishments. There was a threefold decrease in the participation of Russian scientists in the Congress relative to the previous event. Only four reports from Kazan and Ufa were submitted from Russia.

R.Z. RAKHIMOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
N.R. RAKHIMOVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420043, Russian Federation)

1. The XIII International Congress on Chemistry of Cement. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction materials]. 2011. No. 11, pp. 66–67. (In Russian).
2. Rakhimov R.Z., Rakhimova N.R. XIV International congress on the chemistry of cement. Tsement i ego primenenie. 2015. No. 3, pp. 102–105. (In Russian).
3. Сement and Concrete Research, Volume 124F, 2019, Keynote Papers of International Conference on Cement Chemistry, 2019, Prague.

The problem of ecological safety of construction and resource saving in the construction industry is touched upon. The modern stage of construction development is not conceivable without taking into account the theory of the full life cycle of buildings and structures. The life cycle includes the stage of design, implementation of the project-construction, operation stage, including current and major repairs, the stage of modernization (or technical re-equipment), and, most importantly, the stage of dismantling (disposal) of the object. It is noted that the processing of construction waste is one of the promising ways to “improve” the environmental situation. Re-involvement of construction waste, through their targeted processing (recycling), makes it possible to maintain an environmentally friendly environment of modern cities, as well as significantly reduce the cost of production of building materials from traditional, primarily natural materials, the extraction and processing of which also causes significant damage to the environment. t is established that the utilization of concrete scrap, formed as a result of human economic activity, is possible by its purposeful recycling. The results of experimental studies of the properties of inert materials obtained by recycling concrete and reinforced concrete products are presented. The grain composition and the main properties of fine and coarse aggregate from recycled concrete, as well as their suitability for use in the construction materials industry, are determined. The results of the study of the construction and technological potential of concrete processing products make it possible to consider them as components when synthesizing hardening systems. Such systems of hardening (from fine concrete scrap) are formed due to the mixed mechanism-a combination of hydration and contact condensation. In this case, the mechanical properties of building composites based on them depend not only on the intensity and completeness of hydration of its constituent minerals, but also on the degree of convergence of particles in the process of structure formation.

M.A. GONCHAROVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
P.V. BORKOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering),(This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
H.G.H. AL-SURRAYVI, Magister

Lipetsk State Technical University (30, Moskovskaya Street, Lipetsk, 398055, Russian Federation)

1. Bannikova A.S. Analysis of the development of the construction materials recycling industry in the Russian Federation. Epokha nauki. 2018. No. 14, pp. 159–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1555/2409-3203-2018-0-14-159-165. (In Russian).
2. Goncharova M.A., Karaseva O.V., Gorin R.A. The formation of composite curing systems based on technogenic raw materials. Solid State Phenomena. Vol. 284, pp. 1058–1062. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.284.1058.
3. Gusev B.V., Zagurskii V.A. Vtorichnoe ispol’zovanie betonov [Recycling of concrete]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1988. 97 p.
4. Rekomendatsii po primeneniyu produktov pererabotki nekonditsionnykh betonnykh i zhelezobetonnykh izdelii [Recommendations for the use of non-standard concrete and reinforced concrete products]. Moscow: NIIZhB Gosstroya SSSR. 1984. 10 p.
5. Popov K.N., Kaddo M.B., Kul’kov O.V. Otsenka kachestva stroitel’nykh materialov [Quality assessment of construction materials]. Moscow: ASV. 1999. 240 p.
6. Vaisberg L.A., Kameneva E.E. Study of composition and physical and mechanical properties of secondary crushed concrete stone. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2014. No. 6, pp. 41–45. (In Russian).
7. Efimenko A.Z. Building waste from demolition of buildings – raw materials for low-waste technologies. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2010. No. 12, pp. 73–75. (In Russian).
8. Goncharova M.A. Sistemy tverdeniya i stroitel’nye kompozity na osnove konverternykh shlakov [Hardening Systems and Converter Slag Building Composites]. Voronezh: VGASU. 2012. 138 p.
9. Murtazaev S.-A.Yu. Forming the cost of building composites produced using ceramic brick battle. Ekonomika i upravlenie. 2012. No. 2(87), p. 100. (In Russian).
10. Korovkin M.O. Use of crushed concrete scrap as aggregate for self-compacting concrete. Inzhenernyi vestnik Dona. 2015. No. 3, p. 85 (In Russian).
11. Magsumov A.N., Sharipyanov N.M. Use of concrete scrap as coarse aggregate for concrete mix production. Simvol nauki. 2018. No. 6, pp. 29–33. (In Russian).
12. Ovcharenko G.I., Sadrasheva A.O., Viktorov A.V., Korobtsov I.A. Theoretical aspects of contact hardening of concrete scrap. Resursoenergoeffektivnye tekhnologii v stroitel’nom komplekse regiona. 2018. No. 9, pp. 248–251. (In Russian).
13. Bedov A.I., Tkach E.V., Pakhratdinov A.A. Issues of concrete scrap waste disposal for production of coarse aggregate in production of reinforced concrete bending elements. Vestnik MGSU. 2016. No. 7, pp. 91–100. (In Russian).
14. Shevchenko V.A., Shatrova S.A. Study of the possibility of obtaining aggregate for concrete from concrete scrap. Epokha nauki. 2017. No. 9, pp. 178–182. (In Russian).
15. Goncharova M.A., Korneev A.D., Karaseva O.V. Prerequisites for hydraulic activity by converter slags. Vestnik TsTO RAASN. Vypusk 14: Sbornik nauchnykh statei. Lipetsk: LGTU. 2015, pp. 231–238. (In Russian).
16. Murtazaev S.-A.Yu., Saidumov M.S., Alaskhanov A.Kh. Concrete of fine-grained structure on the basis of recycling of eliminations of crushing of concrete scrap. High Technologies and Innovations: Collection of reports of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Groznyi. 2016, pp. 279–286. (In Russian).
17. Narut’ V.V., Larsen O.A. Quality assessment of concrete scrap crushing products for its application in concrete technology. BST: Byulleten’ stroitel’noi tekhniki. 2018. No. 10 (1010), pp. 47–49. (In Russian).
18. Goncharova M.A., Ivashkin A.N., Simbaev V.V. Development of optimal silicate concrete compositions using local raw materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 9, pp. 6–8. (In Russian).
19. Goncharova M.A., Simbaev V.V., Karaseva O.V. Optimization of fine-grained concrete composition in order to improve the quality of units front surfase: Solid State Phenomena. Vol. 284, pp. 1052–1057. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.284.1052.
20. Zagorulko M.G. The application of metallurgical technogenic products as raw materials for road construction materials. The Turkish Online Journal of Art and Communication TOJDAC, March 2018 Special Edition, pp. 285–290.

The growth of high-rise construction and the complexity of the forms of structures erected leads to the need to develop new types of concrete mixes and improve the technology of their laying. Now one of the innovative types of concrete is self-compacting concretes (SCC). Their advantage is that, due to their high mobility, they spread and completely fill the space in the formwork, thus reducing the permeability and increasing the durability of structures by achieving a high density of concrete. In order to study the possibility of obtaining self-compacting concrete of strength classes B25–B45 from raw materials of the Republic of Bashkortostan was conducted a set of experiments on the selection of compositions of self-compacting concrete mixes, determined their rheological and strength characteristics. Experimental data show the possibility of obtaining self-compacting heavy concretes based on local raw materials (the obtained data on strength, fluidity fully meet the normative values). Practically the possibility of using the developed compositions was confirmed by their application at several sites in Ufa.

D.A. SINITSIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.V. BABKOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
R.R. SAKHIBGAREEV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
Rom.R. SAKHIBGAREEV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.P. REZVOVA (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (195, Mendeleeva Street, Ufa, 450062, Russian Federation)

1. Kalashnikov V.I., Tarakanov O.V., Kuznetsov Yu.S., Volodin V.M., Belyakova E.A. Concrete of a new generation based on dry fine-powder mixtures. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2012. No. 8 (34), pp. 47–53.
2. Chemodanova S.N., Slavcheva G.S. A new generation of high-strength modified concrete: distinctive features of the structure and patterns of development of moisture deformation. Nauchnyy vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura. 2011. No. 2 (22), pp. 58–67 (In Russian).
3. Falikman V.R., Deniskin V.V., Kalashnikov O.O., Sorokin V.Yu. Domestic experience in the production and use of self-compacting concrete. Natsional’naya Assotsiatsiya Uchenykh. 2015. No. 2–3 (7), pp. 68–73. (In Russian).
4. Salov A.S., Khabibullina L.I., Gabitov A.I., Udalova E.A., Timofeev V.A., Timofeev A.A. The historical stages of the origin and development of monolithic construction. Istoriya nauki i tekhniki. 2017. No. 11, pp. 37–43. (In Russian).
5. Nesvetayev G.V., Davidyuk A.N., Khetagurov B.A. Self-compacting concrete: some factors determining the fluidity of a mixture. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2009. No. 3, pp. 54–57. (In Russian).
6. Vinogradov M.V., Tarasevich I.A., Tsymbal V.A. Self-compacting concrete, appearance history. In the collection: Science in Russia: promising research and development, a collection of materials of the 1st All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. 2017, pp. 107–109. (In Russian).
7. Nesvetayev G.V., Kardumyan G.S. About designing the composition of high-strength self-compacting concrete. Beton i zhelezobeton. 2012. No. 6, pp. 8–11. (In Russian).
8. Gerber D.V., Krivoborodov Yu.R. The effect of modifying additives on the properties of self-compacting concrete. Uspekhi v khimii i khimicheskoy tekhnologii. 2010. Vol. 24. No. 6 (111), pp. 52–55. (In Russian).
9. Morozov N.M., Galeyev A.F. The role of superplasticizing additives in the formation of the strength of self-compacting concrete. Izvestiya Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2016. No. 4 (38), pp. 376–381. (In Russian).
10. Kalashnikov V.I., Tarakanov O.V. About the use of complex additives in concretes of a new generation. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 1–2, pp. 62–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-745-1-2-62-67. (In Russian).
11. Kramar L.Ya., Trofimov B.Ya., Chernykh T.N., Orlov A.A., Shuldyakov K.V. Modern superplasticizers for concretes, features of their application and effectiveness. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 11, pp. 21–25. (In Russian).
12. Kapriyelov S.S., Travush V.I., Sheyfel’d A.V. i dr. Modified new generation concretes in the structures of Moscow City. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials] 2006. No. 10, pp. 13–17. (In Russian).
13. Zhitkevich R.K., Lazopulo L.L., Sheynfel’d A.V., Ferdzhulyan A.G., Prigozhenko O.V. The experience of using high-strength modified concrete at the facilities of ZAO Mospromstroy. Beton i zhelezobeton. 2005. No. 2, pp. 2–8. (In Russian).
14. Krot A., Ryazanova V., Gabitov A., Salov A., Rolnik L. Resource-saving technologies for advanced concrete in the Republic of Bashkortostan. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018. 230. 03009. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201823003009.
15. Bedov A.I., Gabitov A.I., Znamenskiy V.V. Otsenka tekhnicheskogo sostoyaniya, vosstanovleniye i usileniye osnovaniy i stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy ekspluatiruyemykh zdaniy i sooruzheniy. Uchebnoye posobiye. V 2 chastyakh. Chast’ 2. Vosstanovleniye i usileniye osnovaniy i stroitel’nykh konstruktsiy ekspluatiruyemykh zdaniy [Assessment of the technical condition, restoration and strengthening of the foundations and building structures of operated buildings and structures. Tutorial. In 2 parts. Part 2. Restoration and strengthening of the foundations and building structures of operated buildings]. Moscow. 2017. 924 p.
16. Klyavlina Ya.M., Salov A.S., Gaynanova E.S. Feasibility study of the use of modern design solutions in multi-storey construction. Ekonomika i upravleniye: nauchno-prakticheskiy zhurnal. 2019. No. 2 (146), pp. 131–135. (In Russian).

Despite the constantly emerging new materials at the construction market, ceramic brick is still one of the most popular and reliable wall materials due to its properties, primarily environmental safety and strength. To ensure compliance of the operational properties of ceramic bricks with regulatory requirements, it is necessary, first of all, rationally choose the composition of the charge. Clay raw material as the main component is rarely found without impurities. However, it is the presence of impurities and their number significantly affects the operational properties of the future brick. The article presents the results of physico-chemical studies of some compositions of ceramic bricks, which had a reduced strength, identifies the main causes of their destruction, and provides recommendations for improving the performance properties.

G.Yu. SHAGIGALIN, Master (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
P.A. FEDOROV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
L.N. LOMAKINA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450062, Ufa, Russian Federation)

1. The bulletin on current trends in the Russian economy September 2018. Russian Government Analytical Centre. http://ac.gov.ru/files/publication/a/18317.pdf. (Date of access 23.12.18). (In Russian)
2. Abdrakhimov V.Z., Abdrakhimova E.S. Khimiche-skaya tekhnologiya keramicheskogo kirpicha s ispolzovaniyem tekhnogennogo syrya. [Chemical technology of ceramic bricks using technogenic materials]. Samara: Publishing house of literature SamGASU. 2007. 431 p.
3. Denisov D.Yu., Abdrakhimov V.Z., Abdrakhimova E.S. The study of the phase composition of ceramic bricks based on low-melting clay and industrial waste at different firing temperatures. Bashkirskii khimicheskii zhurnal. 2009. Vol. 1. Book 3, pp. 43–47. (In Russian).
4. Derevyanko V.N., Kushnerova L.A., Grishko A.N. Structure and properties of ceramic bricks on the basis of man-made mineral systems. Bulletin of the Odessa Energy Academy of Construction and Architecture. 2016. Iss. 62, pp. 43–47. (In Ukrainian).
5. Kornilov A.V. The reasons for the different effects of lime clay on the strength properties of ceramics. Steklo I keramica. 2005. No. 12. pp. 30–32. (In Russian).
6. Dovzhenko I.G. Light-tone ceramic facing brick manufacture using ferrous-metallurgy by-products. Glass and Ceramics. 2011. Vol. 68. No. 7–8, pp. 247–249.
7. Guryeva V.A., Doroshin A.V. Building ceramics based on carbonate-containing raw materials. Solid State Phenomena. 2018. Vol. 284, pp. 910–915.
8. Goncharov Yu.I. Development of high-quality brick technology based on loams with elevated levels of calcium oxide. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2004. No. 2, pp. 46–47. (In Russian).
9. Kara-sal B.K. Improving the quality of ceramic products from low-grade clays by changing the parameters of the firing environment. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2004. No. 2, p. 29. (In Russian).
10. Vakalova T.V., Pogrebenkov V.M., Revva I.B. Prospects for expanding the domestic raw material base for construction ceramics due to the complex use of clay deposits. Vestnik nauki Sibiri. 2012. No. 1 (2), pp. 339–347. (In Russian).
11. Luzin V.P., Kornilov A.V., Syutin V.P., Morozov V.V., Luzina L.P., Samigullin R.R. The use of overburden and ore dressing wastes for the production of ceramic products. Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2017. No. 10, pp. 34–37. (In Russian).
12. Avgustinik A.I. Keramika [Ceramics]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat. Leningrad branch. 1975. 592 р.
13. Gorshkov V.S., Timashev V.V., Savel’ev V.G. Metody fiziko-himicheskogo analiza vyazhushchih veshchestv [Methods of physico-chemical analysis of binders]. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. 1981. 335 p.
14. Yezersky V.A. Current technological solutions for the production of ceramic products. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2010. No. 4, pp. 28–30. (In Russian).

The variant of introduction of the best available technologies in production of construction ceramics is offered. The possibility of using large – capacity waste of glass products of the special economic zone of Tatarstan – “Alabuga” – automobile glass cullet and glass fiber waste to produce face ceramics and clinker based on local brick clays is considered. The composition of a composite additive based on glass waste has been developed. The influence of glass parameters on the final properties of the ceramic product is noted. The necessity of using the salt mineralizer, NaCl, for sintering clay-glass charge is shown. The technology of obtaining a composite additive and preparation of the charge for the product obtaining is developed. X-ray phase analysis of the sintered ceramic composition showed the presence of about 40% of the glass phase, which according to miсro-photo is evenly distributed over the crystal structure of the material, and the crystalline and amorphous phases consist mainly of sodium alumino-silicates of different composition.

I.A. ZHENZHURIST, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
V.G. HOZIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)
R.K. NIZAMOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420043, Russian Federation)

1. Makarov D.V., Melionyan R.G., Suvorova O.V., Kumarova V.A. Prospect of use of industrial wastes for receiving ceramic construction materials. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii byulleten’. 2016, pp. 254–281. (In Russian).
2. Malinetsky G.G. Chtob skazku sdelat’ byl’yu. Vysokie tekhnologii – put’ Rossii v budushchee [To make a fairy tale come true. High technologies – a way of Russia to the future]. Moscow: LIBROKOM. 2013. 224 p.
3. Pavlushkina T.K., Kisilenko N.G. Use of glass fight in production of construction materials. Steklo i keramika. 2011. No. 5, pp. 27–34. (In Russian).
4. Zotov S. N. Research of influence of different types of a cullet on properties of pottery. Trudy NIIStroikeramiki. 1986. Iss. 58, pp. 24–25. (In Russian).
5. Dvorkin L.I., Dvorkin O.L. Stroitel’nye materialy iz otkhodov promyshlennosti. [Construction materials from waste of the industry]. Moscow: Phoenix. 2007. 368 p.
6. Appen A.A. Khimiya stekla. [The chemistry flew down]. Leningrad: Chemistry. 1974. 351 p.
7. Ermolenko E.P., Klassen V.K., Novoselov A.G. The influence of KCl and NaCl on clinker formation processes and cement quality. Innovative materials and technologies: collection of reports of the International scientific and practical conference. Belgorod: BGTU of V.G. Shukhov. 2011. Part. 3, pp. 17–22. (In Russian).

Drying units of Rosstromproekt design, operated at many brick factories, are described. Their technical characteristics and disadvantages are given, the main of which are the stratification of the heat carrier along the height and length of the tunnel. Specialists of LLC “Hendle Ural” together with JSC “Engels brick factory” created a pilot plant of automatic forced circulation of heat carrier with variable direction of motion, with a more productive heat distribution and optimal controlled drying mode that meets the characteristics of a particular production. The scheme of the unit is given, its work is described. It is noted that after the reconstruction of four tunnels of the dryer unit and connection of the forced heat carrier circulation system, the drying time was reduced by 23% and amounted to 56 h (initially 72–80 h) with a maximum residual humidity of 3% (initially more than 7%), the coefficient of uneven drying was leveled. Connection of the forced circulation system of the heat carrier made it possible to improve the quality of the dried production at essential reduction of drying duration, to reduce the heat carrier consumption, especially when drying in different tunnels of the block of various types of ceramic products.

V.Yu. KUZMIN¹, Director
S.V. KANCHER², General Director
V.A. PEREVALOV¹, Projects Chief Engineer

¹ LLC “Hendle Ural” (141, 39b Komsomolsky Prospect, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, 454138, Russian Federation)
² JSC “Engels Brick Factory” (47, 2nd Microdistrict, Engels, Saratov Oblast, 413105, Russian Federation)

Presents the results of scientific research and experimental-industrial testing of technology of production of ceramic facing brick soft molding on the basis of siliceous opoka-like rocks. The description of a brick of a soft molding differing in a huge variety of appearance and unusual design which deserved recognition at architects and designers is given. It is emphasized that the main limiting factor for the widespread use of this type of brick is the high cost, due to the very small volumes of its production in Russia. It is indicated that the current situation poses a very complex and urgent task for the wall ceramics industry – to establish a wide production of soft-forming bricks, which in addition to aesthetic properties will have good performance properties. The characteristic of opoka-like rocks and the results of examination of their ceramic properties with respect to technology and soft molding. Classification of types of a front surface of a brick of soft molding is presented for discussion. The main technological parameters of production, interrelation and influence of various technological factors on properties of the received products, and also the mechanism of formation of structure of the burned products are defined. The variable technological scheme of production of a face brick of soft molding is developed. It is emphasized that the presented research results will be of interest to a wide range of manufacturers of facing ceramic bricks and will help to establish a wide production of soft bricks in Russia.

V.D. KOTLYAR¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
Kh.S. YAVRUYAN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)
Yu.A. BOZHKO¹, engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
N.I. NEBEZHKO², Engineer

¹ Don state technical University (1, Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344000, Russian Federation)
² Individual Entrepreneur (108, Prosvesheniia Street, Novocherkassk, 346000, Russian Federation)

1. Kotlyar V.D., Lapunova K.A. Tekhnologiya i dizain litsevykh izdelii stenovoi keramiki na osnove kremnistykh opokovidnykh porod [Technology and design of personal products of wall ceramics on the basis of siliceous opoka-like rocks]. Rostovskii gosudarstvennyi stroitel’nyi universitet. Rostov-on-Don, 2013. 193 р.
2. Kotlyar V.D., Bozhko Yu.A. Technology of production and the role of shaped bricks soft molding in modern design. Trudy akademii tekhnicheskoi estetiki i dizaina. 2018. No. 2, pp. 10–13. (In Russian).
3. Bozhko Yu.A., Lapunova K.A. The use of bricks the soft forming in modern architecture. Dizain. Materialy. Tekhnologiya. 2018. No. 1, pp. 61–65. (In Russian).
4. Avgustinik A.I. Keramika [Ceramics]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat, 1975. 592 р.
5. Osipov V.I., Sokolov V.N. Gliny i ikh svoistva. Sostav, stroenie i formirovanie svoistv [Clay and their properties. Composition, structure and formation of properties]. Moscow: GEOS. 2013. 576 р.
6. Kotlyar V.D. Classification siliceous opoka-like rocks as raw material for producing wall ceramics. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2009. No. 3, pp. 39–39. (In Russian).
7. Kotlyar V.D., Lapunova K.A. Technological features of flasks as raw materials for wall ceramics. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Stroitel’stvo. 2009. Vol. 11–12 (611–612), pp. 25–31. (In Russian).
8. Bondaryuk A.G., Kotlyar V.D. Wall ceramics on a basis the opoka-like of siliceous and carbonate breeds and artificial siliceous and carbonate compositions. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Stroitel’stvo. 2010. No. 7 (619), pp. 18–24. (In Russian).
9. Lapunova K.A., Lazareva Ya. V., Bozhko Yu.A., Orlova M.A Phase transformations during firing of siliceous clays. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials] 2019. No. 4, pp. 8–11. (In Russian).
10. Kotlyar V.D., Lapunova K.A. Features of physical chemical transformations during opoka-like row material burning. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 5, pp. 40–42. (In Russian).

The authors show that in the post-revolutionary and post-war history of Russia, piece wall materials, in particular brick (silicate and ceramic), were given mainly a utilitarian function of the material for creating the volume of construction objects. Practically all Soviet years when there was a formation of the silicate and ceramic industry, brick producers were focused on release of mass production with the maximum productivity. The task to release the architectural, color, figured, textured brick before producers practically was not set. Gradually, a certain misunderstanding of the place and role of brick in the modern construction of architecturally diverse and attractive buildings was formed between architects and brick manufacturers. Currently, the technology and technical equipment of brick factories make it possible to switch to the release of products that will be in demand by architects for the construction of diverse and unique buildings. Mitigation of risks of mutual misunderstanding between designers and factory workers in relation to piece building materials, seen through the eyes of the architect, thinking “brick style”, makes it possible in the interaction of specialists and builders to turn the minds of manufacturers of silicate bricks to the orders of architects and designers of innovative projects, specification of technical solutions, obtaining proposals when developing general plans of territories and sell more bricks.

S.V. NORENKOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Philosophy), Architect (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
E.S. KRASHENINNIKOVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Philosophy) Architect
A.V. KRASHENINNIKOV², Chief Architect of Project

¹ Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (65, Il’inskaya Street, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation)
² OOO “SinARKHIya” (6, ap. 37 Nizhegorodskaya Street, Nizhny Novgorod, 603109, Russian Federation)

1. Standards of complex development of territories. In 6 books. kN. 6 : Guidance on the implementation of projects. - Moscow: Strelka KB, 2019. 268 p.
2. CATALOGUE 1. Elements and nodes of open spaces. URL: http://www.minstroyrf.ru/docs/18289-Text: electronic.
3. Orelskaya O.V., Khudin A.A. Postmodernism. Nizhny Novgorod: Behemoth NN, 2019. 240 p.
4. Semenov A.A. Silicate Brick and Gas Silicate. Some Trends at the Market in 2018–2019. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 8, pp. 3–5. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-773-8-3-5
5. Ponomarev O.I., Gorbunov A.M., Kornev M.V. Design specialties of load bearing and separating silicate units masonry structures. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 8, pp. 39–41. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-773-8-39-41
6. Hopkins O. Vizual’nyi slovar’ arkhitektury [Visual dictionary of architecture]. Saint-Petersburg: Piter, 2017. 168 p.
7. Yefimov A.V., Panova N.G. Arkhitekturnaya koloristika i plasticheskie iskusstva [Architectural coloristics and plastic arts]. 2nd ed. Moscow: Booksmart, 2019. 424 p.
8. Efimov A. Tsvet + forma. Iskusstvo 20-21 vekov (zhivopis’, skul’ptura, installyatsiya, lend-art, digital-art) [Color + form. Art of 20-21 centuries (painting, sculpture, installation, land art, digital art)]. Moscow: Booksmart, 2014. 616 p.
9. Norenkov S.V., Krasheninnikova E.S. Arkhitek-tonicheskoe iskusstvo: kul’tura proektnogo tvorchestva [Architectonic art: culture of project creativity]. Nizhny Novgorod: NNGASU, 2019. 295 p.