Data on the use of opal-cristobalite opoka-like rocks in the production of wall ceramics are presented. The well-known classifications of opal-cristobalite rocks are considered both from a geological point of view and from a technological point of view. It is indicated that the development of classification features of rocks and the compilation of a classification combining geological and technological aspects is an important task for expanding the raw material base, discovering new deposits and revaluing existing ones. The description of the main groups of siliceous opal-cristobalite rocks is given: diatomites, tripolis, opokas – the difference between them is that diatomites and tripolis are rocks soaked in water, and opokas are non-soaked or hard-to-soaked. The features of chemical and mineral compositions of opoka-like rocks and classical clay raw materials are considered. The scheme of the relationship between the pre-firing and technological properties of the opokas, the degree of their lithification, chemical and mineralogical composition, structural features and physical and mechanical properties is described. According to the degree of lithification, 4 lithological and technological types of opal-cristobalite opocoid rocks were identified as raw materials for the production of wall ceramics: opoka-like clays, clay opokas; classic opokas; silicified opokas. It is noted that the peculiarity of the opoka is the dependence of their ceramic technological properties on their mechanical activation. This dependence is observed with an increase in the degree of lithification of the rock: opoka-like clays → clay opokas → classic opokas → silicified opokas. It is concluded that that opoka-like clays and various types of opokas with their intermediate varieties are promising raw materials for the production of various types of wall ceramics.

V.D. KOTLYAR, Doctor of Science (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
Yu.V. TEREKHINA, Engineer, Lecturer, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don State Technical University, (1, Gagarina Square, Rostov-on-Don 344003, Russian Federation)

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12. Kotlyar V.D., Terekhina Yu.V., Kotlyar A.V. Kremnistye opokovidnye porody – perspektivnaya syr’evaya baza keramicheskoj otrasli [Siliceous opocoid rocks are a promising raw material base of the ceramic industry]. Rostov-na-Donu: RIC RGSU. 2013. 154 p.
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In the current work there are presented results of studies of the phase composition of ceramic matrix composites based on slimy iron ore waste with additions of loam and ferrovanadium slag. The chemical, granulometric and mineral compositions of raw materials are given. The compositions of three-component batches and the technique for preparing volume-colored samples with a matrix structure by the developed method are considered. It have been described the features of the formation of phases during firing of the dispersion medium and the dispersed phase of ceramics using the developed method for a comprehensive study of the core–shell transition layer in ceramic matrix composites. It has been shown that the addition of vanadium pentoxide to the matrix leads to a decrease in the sintering temperature of the ceramic material and promotes the appearance of a liquid pyroplastic phase, which ensures the interaction of core and shell (matrix) oxides in the transition zone and the crystallization of new mineral phases. It was established the dependence between the total porosity of the ceramic material and the percentage of ferrovanadium slag in the charge. An increase of its concentration in the shell leads to a black-brown staining of the samples, an increase in their fire shrinkage and average density. It has been established that the dispersion medium (matrix) formed during firing is a recrystallized binder of amorphous and mineral phases, forms a spatially organized framework and ensures sintering and high strength of the ceramic matrix composite (50–60 MPa).

A.Yu. STOLBOUSHKIN¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
D.V. AKST¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
O.A. FOMINA², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Siberian State Industrial University (42, Kirova Street, Novokuznetsk, 654007, Russian Federation)
² Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the RAS (4, Maly Kharitonievsky Lane, Moscow, 101990, Russian Federation)

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13. Patent RF 2500647. Syr’evaya smes’ dlya izgotovleniya stenovoi keramiki i sposob ee polucheniya [Raw mixture for the production of wall ceramics and method for its obtaining]. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Storozhenko G.I., Ivanov A.I., Berdov G.I., Stolboushkina O.A. Declared 20.04.2012. Published 10.12.2013. Bulletin No. 34. (In Russian).
14. Stolboushkin A.Yu. Perspective direction of development of building ceramic materials from low-grade stock. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 24–28. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-758-4-24-28
15. Akst D.V., Stolboushkin A.Yu., Fomina O.A. Wall ceramic materials of volume coloring with matrix structure. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2021. No. 12, pp. 9–16. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2021-798-12-9-16
16. Stolboushkin A.Yu. Method for an integrated study of the transition layer of the core – shell in ceramic matrix composites of semi-dry pressing. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 9, pp. 28–35. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-774-9-28-35
17. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Akst. D.V. Investigation of the decorative ceramics of matrix structure from iron-ore waste with vanadium component addition. Materials Science Forum. 2018. Vol. 931, pp. 520–525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.931.520

The experience of involving ash-slag waste in the production of ceramic bricks (hereinafter ASW) is analyzed. An assessment of the production of ceramic bricks for 2020–2021 in the Russian Federation has been made. Using a complex of studies, it is established that alumino-silicate rocks – loams can be an alternative source of raw materials for the production of full-bodied ceramic bricks by semi-dry pressing with the addition of ash-slag waste in the amount of 28–35% and silica gel 11%. The results of research on the study of chemical, mineralogical and physico-mechanical properties of ash-slag ceramics based on 2 and 3 component compositions are presented. With the use of electron microscopic equipment, images of the microstructure of ceramic samples with 35% ASW, burned at a temperature of 1050^оС, were obtained.

V.A. GUR'EVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.V. DOROSHIN, Engineer (Postgraduate)

Orenburg State University (13, Pobedy Prospect, Orenburg, 460018, Russian Federation)

1. Ivakin E.K., Vagin A.V. Analysis of the dynamics of housing construction in the Rostov region. Inzhenernyy vestnik Dona. 2012. No. 3 (21), pp. 561–566. (In Russian).
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5. Devyatnikova L.A., Emelyanova E.G., Kuzmenkov A.A., Simonova A.A. Research of technical and economic parameters when choosing the technology for the construction of enclosing structures of individual residential buildings. Uchenyye zapiski Petrozavodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2015. No. 4 (149), pp. 82–89. (In Russian).
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10. Semenov A.A. Russian market of ceramic bricks. Development trends and prospects. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 12, pp. 4–5. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-787-12-4-5
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17. Guryeva V.A., Doroshin A.V. Sol-gel technology in the production of wall ceramics with the use of technogenic raw materials on the example of ash and slag waste of CHP. Traditions and innovations in construction and architecture. Construction and Construction Technologies: Collection of articles of the 78th All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference. Edited by Shuvalov M.V., Pishchulev A.A., Strelkov A.K. Samara. April 19–23, 2022, pp. 876–883. (In Russian).

The current state of the ceramic wall materials sub-industry is presented. According to Rosstat, it was revealed that during the period from 2014 to 2021, the number of operating brick factories decreased from 557 to 283 and their total capacity is currently 5.5 billion equivalent bricks, which is more than 35% less than the capacity in 2014. The minimum 3% growth was achieved in 2019, in 2020–2021 there was again a drop in the production of ceramic bricks A whole complex of diverse causes and circumstances, both purely economic, social and political, contributed to such negative dynamics.

A.A. SEMENOV, Candidate of Science (Engineering), General Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

LLC “GS-Expert” http://www.gs-expert.ru/

Studies have shown that the technology of filtration pressing makes it possible to obtain roofing and facing products of increased strength and durability on a cement-sand base. A significant decrease in the water-cement ratio under the influence of pressing pressure with the simultaneous removal of excess water makes it possible to provide a high density of fine-grained concrete due to the absence of large pores and microporous structure of cement stone, which is similar to the structure of natural stone materials or high-strength concretes of a new generation. One of the main advantages of the filtration pressing technology in the production of cement-sand tiles in comparison with traditional technologies of vibration shaping and extrusion is the possibility of a significant reduction in the thickness and weight of the resulting product while maintaining its strength and performance characteristics, which greatly facilitates the technology of installation of these products at the construction site and reduces the total cost of a tiled roof device.

E.A. SINITSINA, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
T.V. PECHENKINA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
L.N. LOMAKINA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
O.S. DOROFEEVA, Postgraduate student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.V. NEDOSEKO, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (1, Kosmonavtov Street, Ufa, 450062, Russian Federation)

1. Gorchakov G.I., Bazhenov Yu.M. Stroitel’nyye materialy [Construction Materials]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1986. 688 p.
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19. Sinitsina E.A., Nedoseko I.V. The use of stone flour as an inert filler in heavy concrete. Problems of the building complex in Russia: Proceedings of the XXIII International Scientific and Technical Conference dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering of USPTU. Ufa. 2019, pp. 239–240. (In Russian).
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Modern trends in the development of industrial production, and especially the construction industry, provide for the widespread use of secondary raw materials, dictated by economic and environmental requirements that are becoming particularly relevant. The use of local secondary resources and by-products of industrial production, with modern scientific and technical support, opens up significant reserves for saving material and fuel and energy resources in construction and the production of building materials. For the Republic of Bashkortostan, as for a region with a developed industry, a significant raw material reserve for the production of building materials is the large-tonnage secondary resources of Bashkir Soda Company JSC (Sterlitamak). Since the 70s of the last century, a number of methods have been tested for involving soda sludge for the production of hydraulic binders after their firing, which have shown insufficient technological efficiency. This article presents the results of the analysis of the material and impurity composition of by-products of soda production carried out using modern analytical and technological solutions and promising areas of their application in construction, tested during exploratory research and pilot tests within the framework of the research project “Creation of a technological complex for the production and use of products of processing of mineral products of soda production of JSC “BSK” (MPSP) in the road, agriculture and housing and communal services” implemented under a contract with JSC “BSK” and LLC “VEB Engineering”.

S.L. МАMULAT^1,3, МВА, Scientific Director of the Research Project, LLC “VEB Engineering” and JSC “Bashkir Soda Company” (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.V. BABKOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering);
E.M. DAVYDOV³, General Manager,
V.V. KOGAN³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
D.V. KUZNETSOV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.N. RYAZANOV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
D.A. SINITSYN², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
R.N. FATKULLIN³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ Siberian State Automobile and Highway University (5, Mira Prospect, Omsk, 644080, Russian Federation)
² Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (1, Kosmonavtov Street, Ufa, 450062, Russian Federation)
³ JSC “Bashkir Soda Company” (32, Technicheskaya Street, Sterlitamak, 453110, Russian Federation)

1. Volzhensky A.B. Mineral’nyye vyazhushchiye veshchestva. [Mineral binders]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1986. 464 p.
2. Building materials based on raw materials of Bashkortostan. Collection of scientific papers: Ufa, BashNIIstroy. 1998.
3. Alekhin Yu.A., Lyusov A.N. Ekonomicheskaya effektivnost’ ispol’zovaniya vtorichnykh resursov v proizvodstve stroitel’nykh materialov. [Economic efficiency of the use of secondary resources in the production of building materials]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1988. 344 p.
4. Vagapov R.F., Sinitsin D.A., Oratovskaya A.A., Tenenbaum G.V. Building materials based on industrial waste of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Izvestiya Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2012. No. 4 (22), pp. 279–284. (In Russian).
5. Riazanov A.N., Sinitsin D.A., Shagigalin G.Yu., Bikbulatov M.P., Nedoseko I.V. Solid waste of soda production is an important reserve for expanding the raw material base for production of lime and low-energy, clinkerless binders based on it. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 4–5, pp. 14–17. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-780-4-5-14-17
6. Strategy for the development of the building materials industry of the Republic of Bashkortostan for the period up to 2024 and beyond until 2030. Approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan No. 502 dated August 17, 2020 (In Russian).
7. Oratovskaya A.A., Sinitsin D.A., Galeeva L.Sh., Babkov V.V., Shatov A.A. The use of soda ash production waste for obtaining lime-containing binders and building materials based on them. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 2, pp. 52–54. (In Russian).
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10. Merkulov Yu.I., Oratovskaya A.A., Ponin V.I., Smirnova N.F., Babkov V.V., Sokolovsky V.A., Trutnev G.A., Shatov A.A., Yakimtseva G.V., Bakirov M.Ts. Raw mixture for obtaining binder A.S. No. 1076410 of February 28, 1984. (In Russian).
11. Oratovskaya A.A., Merkulov Yu.I., Kudoyarova L.Sh., Belousova T.V. Investigation of the possibility of obtaining clinker-free binders based on metallurgical slag and soda production waste. Proceedings of the Institute NIIpromstroy. Building structures and materials. Corrosion protection. Ufa, 1981. (In Russian).
12. Oratovskaya A.A., Kudoyarova L.Sh., Merkulov Yu.I. Lime-ash binder. Building structures and materials. Collection of scientific works of NIIpromstroy. Ufa, 1986. (In Russian).
13. Riazanov A.N., Vinnichenko V.I., Nedoseko I.V., Riazanova V.A., Riazanov A.A. Structure and properties of lime-ash cement and its modification. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction materials]. 2018. No. 1–2, pp. 18–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-756-1-2-18-22 (In Russian).
14. Babkov V.V., Mirsaev R.N., Shatov A.A., Nedoseko I.V. et al. Non-firing binders based on industrial waste from enterprises of the Ural-Bashkir region. Bashkirskiy khimicheskiy zhurnal. 1999. Vol  6. No. 2–3, pp. 95–99. (In Russian).
15. Babkov V.V., Komokhov P.G., Shatov A.A., Mirsaev R.N., Nedoseko I.V. Activated slag binders based on industrial waste from enterprises of the Ural-Bashkir region. Tsement i yego primeneniye. 1998. No. 2, p. 37. (In Russian).
16. Oratovskaya A.A., Merkulov Yu.I., Khabirov D.M., Galeeva L.Sh., Shatov A.A., Yakimtseva G.V., Dryamina M.A., Babkov V.V. Autoclaved cellular concrete in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2005. No. 1, pp. 52–54. (In Russian).
17. Patent RU No. 2351556 C1 Zakharov S.A., Mamulat S.L. Modified component of magnesia cement. eLIBRARY ID: 37683479 (In Russian).
18. Yokubov U.A. The use of solid waste from a soda plant as an active mineral additive in the production of Portland cement. Diss. Candidate of Sciences (Engineering). Tashkent. 2012. (In Russian).
19. Khozin V.G., Khokhryakov O.V., Sibgatullin I.R., Gizzatullin A.R., Kharchenko I.Ya. Carbonate cements of low water demand - a green alternative to the cement industry in Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2014. No. 5, pp. 76–82. (In Russian).
20. Nazarov V.D., Gurvich L.M., Rusakovich A.A. Vodosnabzheniye v neftedobyche [Water supply in oil production]. Ufa: LLC “Virtual”. 2003. 508 p.
21. Aristov S.A., Vadivasov D.M., Davydov E.M., Derbenev A.V., Zvorykina Yu.V., Kogan V.V., Mamulat S.L., Orlov P.V., Parkhomchuk N.V., Chechevatova O.Yu. Ecological indicators of resource and energy efficiency of road facilities, taking into account their life cycle in the framework of environmental declaration. Mir dorog. 2021. Iss. 141, pp. 42–47. (In Russian).
22. Dzhandullaeva M.S. [et al.] The use of carbonate waste from soda production as a raw material in the production of silicate bricks // Universum: tekhnicheskiye nauki: technical sciences: electron. scientific journal. 2018. No. 12 (57). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/6759 (date of access: 12/19/2021).
23. Zvorykina Yu.V., Mamulat S.L. Regional failures in resource provision or breakthroughs in technological development at the turn of the five-year plans? Avtomobilnye dorogi. 2019. No. 9, pp. 16–20. (In Russian).
24. Zvorykina Yu.V., Stankevich V.G., Maryev A.V., Mamulat S.L. Sustainable development of transport infrastructure - a “green landmark” of the course towards the development of the “circular economy” and improving the quality of life. Mir dorog. April 2020, pp. 10–39. (In Russian).
25. Dusheba V.Z. and others. 90 is a double anniversary! Careful and creative attitude to knowledge and experience turns them into a noble scientific capital. Chapter in the Anniversary Edition “SibADI – Road to the Future”. Novosibirsk. 2021, pp. 410–419. (In Russian).
26. Library of practices for the development and improvement of the environment of Arctic settlements / URL: [http://arctic-library.ru/library/]

The problem of competitiveness of building materials and products is considered. It is shown that in market conditions the competitiveness of products can be increased only by improving its quality. The methodology and algorithm for highlighting the priority direction of improving the functional properties of building materials and products, providing a “leap” in their competitiveness, are proposed. The methodology discussed in the article is based on the calculation of the relative competitiveness index of building materials and products from different manufacturers, developed by the staff of the Voronezh State Technical University. Its essence boils down to the correlation of a single quality indicator and the weighting coefficient of each property of materials. The presented algorithm contains five interrelated steps: formation of a list of functional properties; assessment of the significance of properties for the consumer; formation of a comparison base and numerical parameters of a virtual reference product-; calculation of a single quality indicator for each property; comparison of a single quality indicator and the weighting coefficient of the i-th property. The use of the developed methodology and algorithm ensures the minimization of costs necessary to increase the competitiveness of building materials and products. The possibilities of the methodology and algorithm are illustrated by the example of cellular concrete blocks, silicate and ceramic bricks of various manufacturers.

G.S. SLAVCHEVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.I. AKULOVA, Doctor of Sciences (Economy)

Voronezh State Technical University (84, 20-letiya Oktyabrya Street, 394006, Voronezh, Russian Federation)

1. Melnikova E.P., Berlov A.I. Competitive advantage as an expression of the competitiveness of an organization. In the collection: Science and Society – 2019. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference / Edited by N.B. Osipyan, M.A. Dmitrieva, M.I. Zhbannikova. 2019, pp. 324–333 (In Russian).
2. Semchenko A.A. Competitive potential and competitive advantages of the enterprise. Sovremennaya konkurenciya. 2008. No. 4 (10), pp. 30–37. (In Russian).
3. Vishnevskaya N.G., Nafikov I.A. The mechanism for the formation of the competitive advantages of the organization. Vektor ekonomiki. 2019. No. 1, pp. 106. (In Russian).
4. Akulova I.I. Prognozirovanie dinamiki i struktury zhilishchnogo stroitel’stva v regione: monografiya [Forecasting the dynamics and structure of housing construction in the region: monograph]. Voronezh: VGASU. 2007. 132 p.
5. Chernyshov E.M., Akulova I.I. Development of the building materials industry in the task of forming a regional market for affordable housing. Stroitel’nye materialy, oborudovanie, tekhnologii XXI veka. 2004. No. 4 (63), pp. 43–45. (In Russian).
6. Skuba R.V. Internal sources of competitive advantage for a regional commercial organization. Moskovskiy ekonomicheskiy zhurnal. 2020. No. 12, pp. 84. (In Russian).
7. Chernetsova E.I. Conditions for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises in the building materials industry. RISK: Resursy. Informaciya. Snabzhenie. Konkurenciya. 2016. No. 3, pp. 198–202. (In Russian).
8. Khandamova EF, Schepakin MB, Bazhenov Yu.V. Trends and problems of managing the competitiveness of enterprises in the building materials industry. Vestnik SevKavGTI. 2017. No. 4 (31), pp. 94–100. (In Russian).
9. Melikbekyan D.Zh., Sekerin V.D. Methodology for evaluating investment projects and analyzing the competitiveness of construction products in the building materials industry. Ekonomika i predprinimatel’stvo. 2016. No. 11–3 (76), pp. 1090–1094. (In Russian).
10. Akulova I.I., Slavcheva G.S. Assessment of competitiveness of building materials and products: rationale and approbation of methods on the example of cement. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 7, pp. 9–12. (In Russian).
11. Potapova A.V. Assessment of the quality and competitiveness of building materials. Vestnik Sibirskogo universiteta potrebitel’skoj kooperacii. 2018. No. 1 (23), pp. 40–44. (In Russian).
12. Miroshnikova E.A. Methods for assessing the competitiveness of products in the building materials market. Potencial sovremennoj nauki. 2017. No. 1 (27), pp. 107–111. (In Russian).
13. Akulova I.I., Slavcheva G.S. A new approach to identifying top-priority step for increasing the building materials competitiveness. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. International science and technology conference «FarEastCon-2020». 2021. Vol. 1079. 032030. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/1079/3/032030
14. Yunusova D.A. The importance of internal audit in improving the efficiency of enterprises. Voprosy ustojchivogo razvitiya obshchestva. 2020. No. 2, pp. 34–38. (In Russian).
15. Adzhieva A.I., Tkhagapsova S.K-G. The role of internal audit in the system of economic security of an enterprise. Estestvenno-gumanitarnye issledovaniya. 2020. No. 31 (5), pp. 322–325. (In Russian)

One of the eldest researchers in the chrysotile cement industry, Svetlana Markovna Neiman, has been actively engaged in professional activities to date. In the article, she analyzes the current state of the chrysotile cement industry and suggests a number of promising areas, the development of which will expand the scope of application of chrysotile cement products and increase loyalty to them. An effective tool to upswing the asbestos cement industry can be a Virtual NIIAC – VirtNIIAC. The basis of VirtNIIAC will be a creative group of university researchers, graduate students, diploma students, students and IT specialists of branch enterprises. The main tasks of VirtNIIAC are to support and increase the potential of the asbestos cement industry through the selection and development of new technological solutions, professional development. Main tasks of VirtNIIAC are support and growth of the potential of the asbestos cement industry through the selection and development of new technological solutions, professional development. An important tool for the rise of the chrysotile cement industry will be the expansion of the areas of application of chrysotile cement in frame construction according the technology of the St. Petersburg company “Sovbi”. Multi-storey and low-rise buildings of various functional purposes are being built using this technology. It is especially effective in the harsh climate of Siberia and the Far North, which has been proven by many years of research since the 2000s in Yakutia at the Department of Building Materials of the North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov. In particular, it is proposed to use the Sovbi technology for laying water supply routes.

S.M. NEYMAN, Candidate of Science (Engineering)

NO «Hrizotilovaja associacija» (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

1. Neiman S.M., Konov G.V. Chrysotile cement: broken connection of times? Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2009. No. 5, pp. 97–99. (In Russian).
2. Neiman S.M., Vezentsev A.I., Kashansky S.V. O bezopasnosti asbestotsementnykh materialov i izdeliy [On the safety of asbestos-cement materials and products]. Moscow: Stroymaterialy Publishing House. 2006. 63 p.
3. Neiman S.M., Popov K.N., Mezhov A.G. Investigation of the properties of chrysotile cement roofing sheets of various service life. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 5, pp. 23–27. (In Russian).
4. Luginina I.G., Vezentsev A.I., Neiman S.M., Turskii V.V., Naumova L.N., Nesterova L.L. Evaluation of chrysotile-asbestos emission from asbestos-cement products under the influence of weather factors. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2001. No. 9, pp. 16–18. (In Russian).
5. Vasiliev V.D. Monolithic foam concrete according to the “Sovbi” technology Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2005. No. 12, pp. 39–40. (In Russian).
6. Lundyshev I.A. Perspective technologies for the use of monolithic foam concrete for thermal insulation of pipelines. Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyi zhurnal. 2008. No. 1. (In Russian).
7. Standard solutions for laying pipelines of heating networks in foam concrete insulation “SOVBI” with a diameter of DN 50–600 mm. Structures and details. 313TS-017.000. Moscow. 2008. 124 p.
8. Zhukov A.D., Neiman S.M., Radnaeva S.Zh. Operational stability of chrysotile-cement pipes. Vestnik of MSTUSE. 2013. No. 3, pp. 127–134. (In Russian).
9. Zhukov A.D., Neiman S.M., Ayurova O.B., Radnaeva S.Zh. Chrysotile cement pipes in hot water supply systems. Vestnik of MSTUSE. 2013. No. 4, pp. 84–89. (In Russian).

The article is devoted to the description of comprehensive research of the thermal conductivity of autoclaved aerated concrete of modern production in the entire range of density grades on the newest testing equipment in the Russian Federation, as well as methodological developments that were obtained during these studies. The dependences of thermal conductivity on the density of autoclaved aerated concrete at an average temperature of 10 and 25^оC, as well as the approximate ratio of these characteristics to each other, are obtained. The degree of influence of the sample size on the result of thermal conductivity measurements recorded by the device is established. The linear dependence of thermal conductivity on operational humidity has been confirmed and the coefficients of thermal quality of autoclaved aerated concrete have been found. A “correction” has been established for the set of humidity of autoclaved aerated concrete samples during thermal conductivity tests and a method for finding it has been described, which can be used in industry regulatory documents. The convergence of the results of thermal conductivity tests obtained on samples in the form of flat square plates and on whole blocks has been established. At the same time, it is concluded that tests on samples in the form of square plates are more technologically advanced and reproducible, so they should remain the main ones for evaluating the thermophysical characteristics of autoclaved aerated concrete.

P.P. PASTUSHKOV^{1, 2}, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Research Institute of Building Physics Russian Academy Architecture and Construction sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)
² Institute of Mechanics Lomonosov Moscow State University (1, Michurinsky Avenue, Moscow, 119192, Russian Federation)

1. Grinfeld G.I., Vishnevsky A.A., Smirnova A.S. Production of autoclaved aerated concrete in Russia in 2017. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 3, pp. 62–64. (In Russian).
2. Vishnevsky A.A., Grinfeld G.I., Smirnova A.S. The Russian market of autoclaved aerated concrete. Results of 2016. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 3, pp. 49–51. (In Russian).
3. Vishnevsky A.A., Grinfeld G.I., Smirnova A.S. Production of autoclaved aerated concrete in Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 6, pp. 52–54. (In Russian).
4. Pastushkov P.P., Gagarin V.G. Studies of the dependence of thermal conductivity and the coefficient of thermal quality on the density of autoclaved aerated concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 5, pp. 26–28. (In Russian).
5. Pastushkov P.P. Calculated determination of operational humidity of autoclave aerated concrete grades D300-600. Tehnologii betonov. 2016. No. 3–4, pp. 20–23. (In Russian).
6. Pastushkov P.P., Grinfeld G.I., Pavlenko N.V., Bespalov A.E., Korkina E.V. Calculated determination of the operational humidity of autoclaved aerated concrete in various climatic zones of construction. Vestnik MGSU. 2015. No. 2, pp. 60–70. (In Russian).
7. Silayenkov E.S. Dolgovechnost’ izdelii iz yacheistykh betonov [Durability of cellular concrete products]. Moscow. 1986. 174 p.
8. Gaevoi A.F., Kachura B.A. Kachestvo i dolgovechnost’ ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsii iz yacheistogo betona. [Quality and durability of cellular concrete enclosing structur es]. Kharkiv. 1978. 224 p.
9. Kunzel H. Aerated concrete. Heat and moisture behavior. Wiesbaden. Berlin: Bauverlag. 1970. 120 p. (In German).
10. Pastushkov P.P. On the problems of determining the thermal conductivity of building materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 4, pp. 57–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-769-4-57-63 (In Russian).

Statistical data on the wall materials market in 2021 are given. The dependence of this segment of building materials on the development of individual housing construction is shown. In the total record volume of housing commissioned in 2021 – 92.6 million m², the share of individual residential buildings amounted to 49.1 million m², which is 23.4% more than in 2020. This segment of construction consumed 87% of the total volume of piece wall materials. Among the piece wall materials, the dynamics of production and consumption are ambiguous. Autoclaved aerated concrete (AGB) blocks demonstrated the highest production growth rates. At the same time, the data of Rosstat, GS-Expert specialists and the National Association of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Manufacturers (NAAG) differ very significantly (+9.5, 14.2, 15% compared to 2020, respectively). Ceramic bricks, reinforced concrete structures for walls and partitions and wooden logs showed negative dynamics. The price of all wall materials has increased in different proportions. In 2021, there was a tendency to increase the share of AGB in the total volume of wall materials and decrease the share of other piece materials. In 2021, the tendency to increase the share of AGE in the total volume of wall materials and a decrease in the share of other piece materials remained.

A.A. SEMENOV, Candidate of Science (Engineering), General Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

LLC “GS-Expert” http://www.gs-expert.ru/

The 21 km long lining is the world’s largest concrete structure reinforced with GFRP bars

Reprinted courtesy of the American Concrete Institute and Concrete International.

EDUARDO A. VILLEN SALAN¹, MSc Civil Engineering, Engineer, Project Management Specialist, Member of the Project Management Team;
MUHAMMAD K. RAHMAN², researcher, lecturer at the Research Center for the Study of Building Materials, Master of Structural Design; branch vice president³;
SAMI Al-GAMDI⁴, Technical Director, Chairman of the Civil Engineering Standards Committee, Member of the Technical Committee on Concrete, Reinforced Concrete and Pre-stressed Concrete Structures of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO/TC 71)
JIHAD SAKR⁵, Project Manager, MSc in Construction Management, Bachelor of Civil Engineering, expert in enforcing Saudi Aramco methodological, engineering and construction guidelines;
MESFER M. Al-ZAKHRANI², Vice-Rector for Research, Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering;
ANTONIO NANNI⁶, Member of the American Concrete Institute, Senior Fellow, Professor, Chair of the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering

¹ Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia, Dhahran)
² King Fadh University of Petroleum and Minerals (Saudi Arabia, Dhahran)
³ American Concrete Institute in Saudi Arabia
⁴ Novel Nonmetallic Manufacturing Solutions (a joint venture between Saudi Aramco and Baker Hughes)
⁵ Al-Yamama (Saudi Arabia, Jizan)
⁶ University of Miami (Florida, USA)

1. BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 “Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures. Part 1-1: General Actions – Densities, Self-weight, Imposed Loads for Buildings”. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. 2002. 44 p.
2. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 “Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings”. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. 2004. 225 p.
3. BS EN 1997-1:2004 “Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design. Part 1: General Rules”. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium. 2004. 168 p.
4. BS 8002:1994 “Code of Practice for Earth Retaining Structures”. British Standards Institution, London, UK. 1994. 144 p.
5. BS 8004:2015 “Code of Practice for Foundations”. British Standards Institution, London, UK. 2015. 112 p.
6. BS 6031:2009 “Code of Practice for Earthworks”. British Standards Institution, London, UK. 2009. 120 p.
7. BS 8110-1:1997 “Structural Use of Concrete. Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction”. British Standards Institution, London, UK. 1997. 168 p.
8. BS 8007:1987 “Code of Practice for Design of Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids”. British Standards Institution, London, UK. 1987. 32 p.
9. CIRIA C683 “The Rock Manual. The Use of Rock in Hydraulic Engineering”. Second edition. CIRIA, London, UK. 2007. 35 p.
10. Bamforth P.B., CIRIA C660 “Early-Age Thermal Crack Control in Concrete”. CIRIA, London, UK. 2007. 23 p.
11. Balkham M., Fosbeary C., Kitchen A., Rickard C. CIRIA C689 “Culvert Design and Operation Guide”. CIRIA, London, UK. 2010. 50 p.
12. “Design Standard No. 14: Appurtenant Structures for Dams (Spillways and Outlet Works) Design Standards”, Chapter 3: General Spillway Design Considerations, U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, DC. 2014. 253 p.
13. “Jeddah Storm Water Drainage Manual”. Saudi Aramco, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. 2014. 232 p.
14. Hassan K.E., Chandler J.W.E., Harding H.M., Dudgeon R.P. “New Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Designs”. Report TRL630, Transport Research Laboratory, Berkshire, UK. 2005. 36 p.
15. ASTM C150/C150M-20 “Standard Specification for Portland Cement”. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. 2020. 9 p.
16. ACI Committee 440 “Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bars (ACI 440.1R-15)”. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. 88 p.
17. “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Guide Specifications for GFRPReinforced Concrete Bridge Decks and Traffic Railings”. First edition. AASHTO, Washington, DC. 2009. 68 p.
18. “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications”. Eighth edition, AASHTO, Washington, DC. 2017. 438 p.
19. “Technical Report No. 66: External In-Situ Concrete Paving”. Concrete Society, Camberley, UK. 2007. 83 p.
20. “fib Bulletin No. 40: FRP Reinforcement in RC Structures”. fib, Lausanne, Switzerland. 2007. 160 p.
21. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14)”. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. 2014. 519 p.
22. 12-SAMSS-027 “Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bar Materials for Concrete Reinforcement”. Materials System Specification, Saudi Aramco, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. 2017. 8 p.
23. SAES-Q-001 “Criteria for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures” Saudi Aramco, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. 2016. 24 p.
24. ASTM D7957/D7957M-17 “Standards Specification for Solid Round Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars for Concrete Reinforcement”. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. 2017. 5 p.
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26. DMRB 7.2.1, “HD 24/06: Pavement Design and Maintenance. Pavement Design and Construction. Traffic Assessment”. Highways England, London, UK. 2006. 20 p.
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28. ACI Committee 440 “Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bar Materials for Concrete Reinforcement (ACI 440.6-08) (Reapproved 2017)”. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. 2008. 6 p.

Much attention is paid to improving the reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures in our country and abroad. The existing experience in the use of reinforcing elements made of composite materials glued to the surface of reinforced concrete structures at the stage of their operation to increase the reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures gives positive results. However, this method has significant drawbacks, including mechanical damages, destruction of the adhesive layer on contact with the concrete surface, which occurs for various reasons – aggressive environmental influences and other factors leading to detachment or complete destruction of the materials being glued. The authors propose a new way to increase the reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures by using fiberglass nets with high strength and resistance to aggressive environments, eliminating the disadvantages of the above solutions. The essence of the proposed method is that at the stage of construction of the structure, fiberglass nets are laid on pallets and sides of the molds, which, after installing the steel reinforcement in the design position, turn out to be in a protective layer of concrete between the mold and the reinforcement cage. This method eliminates the disadvantages of the method with the sticker of composites, since fiberglass nets are located inside a reinforced concrete structure, do not have an adhesive layer, cannot peel off when cracks and concrete damage occur under the action of loads, and are also protected from the direct influence of the environment, which makes it possible to ensure their operability for a long period of operation. At present, regulatory documents have been developed for the use of fiberglass net as reinforcing elements, and standards have been issued that establish requirements for nets made of composite materials. However, there are currently no regulatory documents for the calculation of reinforced concrete structures with steel reinforcement and fiberglass nets in the protective layer of concrete. In the article, as an example, it is proposed to use two valid documents for the engineering calculation of the strength of the bendable element – SP 63.13330.2018 “Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Basic provisions” and SP 295.1325800.2017 “Concrete structures reinforced with polymer composite reinforcement. Design rules”.

A.V. KURSHPEL, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.Kh. KURSHPEL, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Institute of Construction and Architecture (17, Mira Street, Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russian Federation)

1. Shilin A.A., Pshenichny V.A., Kartuzov D.V. Reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures with composite materials. M.: Stroyizdat. 2004. 144 p.
2. Stepanova V.F., Buchkin A.V., Ilyin D.A. Study of concrete structures with combined reinforcement // Architecture and construction. 2017. № 1, pp. 124–128.
3. Rimshin V.I., Merkulov S.I. External reinforcement of concrete structures using composite materials. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2018. No. 5, pp. 92–100. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2018-20-5-92-100
4. Patent RF 2744905. Sposob povysheniya nadezhnosti i dolgovechnosti zhelezobetonnykh konstruktsii [Method for improving reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures]. Kurshpel V.H., Kurchpel A.V. Published 17.03.2021 (In Russian).
5. GOST 55225-2017. Glass fiber nets are facade reinforcing alkaline resistant. Specifications. Moscow: Standardized. 2017. 16 p. (In Russian).
6. SP 31-111-2004. Use of glass grids in building construction. Moscow. FUGUP CPP. 2005. 35 p. (In Russian).
7. Recommendations about calculation of designs with fiberglass fittings. P-16-78. 20 p. (In Russian).
8. SP 63.13330.2018. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Main provisions. M.: Standardized. 2019. 119 p. (In Russian).
9. Manual on reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures using composite materials. Moscow: 2017. 226 p. (In Russian).
10. STO 38276489.001-2017. Reinforcement of LBC with composite materials. Design and technology of works. Moscow: LLC NCC. 2017. 125 p. (In Russian).
11. SP 295.1325800.2017 “Concrete structures reinforced with polymer composite reinforcement. Design rules”. Moscow: Standardized. 2017. 65 p.