The article reflects the state of the issue of an integrated approach to the design and construction of buildings made of ceramic bricks, starting from product manufacturers, sales organizations, designers, architects, designers, bricklayers, and ending with the consumer and the evaluation of the object at the real estate market. The factors taken into account when designing the ceramic brick masonry and responsible for the formation of aesthetic expressiveness of the walls and the entire building as a whole: the format and color of the product, surface texture, masonry mortar and seam options, the type of masonry are considered. For each of these factors, the implementation options that are most common in the production of products and construction of objects made of ceramic bricks are considered. The introduction of the term “brick-design” is proposed, and its main components and levels of aesthetic expression are formed depending on the complexity of each factor responsible for the formation of the appearance of masonry, and their combination: economy, budget, comfort, business, premium, exclusive. Structuring and classification of aesthetic properties that affect the artistic expressiveness of brickwork will allow manufacturers to develop customer orientation in the formation of product ranges, architects and designers to use all the variety of solutions possible when constructing objects made of ceramic bricks.

B.Ch. MESKHI, Doctor of Science (Engineering), rector (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
Yu.A. BOZHKO, Еngineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
Yu.V. TEREKHINA, Еngineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
K.A. LAPUNOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don State Technical University (1, Gagarina Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344000, Russian Federation)

1. Kotlyar V.D., Lapunova K.A. Tehnologija i dizajn licevyh izdelij stenovoj keramiki na osnove kremnistyh opokovidnyh porod [Technology and design of facial products of wall ceramics based on siliceous opoka rocks] Мonograph. Rostov-on-Don: RGSU. 2013. 193 p.
2. Kotlyar V.D., Bozhko Yu.A. The technology of production and the role of curly brick of soft molding in modern design. Trudy Akademii tehnicheskoj jestetiki i dizajna. 2018. No. 2, pp. 10–13. (In Russian)
3. Kotlyar V.D., Yavruyan Kh.S., Bozhko Y.A., Nebezhko N.I. Features of the production of ceramic facing brick soft molding on the basis of opoka-like rocks. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 12, pp. 18–22. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-777-12-18-22
4. Bozkko Yu.A., Lapunova K.A. The use of soft molded facing bricks in modern architecture. Dizajn. Materialy. Tehnologija. 2018. No. 1, pp. 61–65. (In Russian).
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11. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Akst D.V. Investigation of the decorative ceramics of matrix structure from iron-ore waste with vanadium component addition. Materials Science Forum. 2018. Vol. 931, pp. 520–525. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.931.520
12. Zhmakin A.A. Al’bom kladok. Seriya Stroitel’stvo [Masonry album. Series “Construction”]. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix. 2012. 118 p.

It has been shown the manufacturers interest in increasing the output of facing and decorative bricks in the overall structure of ceramic wall materials. Common methods for producing decorative ceramic products are given: bulk staining, engobing, glazing, flash firing, etc. The relevance of using industrial waste containing color-forming oxides and metal salts for volumetric staining of ceramic materials is indicated. It has been presented the results of a study of the chemical, particle size and mineral compositions of clay raw materials and coloring technogenic additives (gas cleaning dust from ferrosilicon manganese production). It was shown a model for the color formation of ceramic from clay with additives, color modifiers from concentrated pigments and industrial waste containing oxides of chromophore metals. The distribution schemes and the influence of the concentration of coloring components on the color of the ceramic material with the addition of color modifiers in clay have been developed. It was experimentally confirmed the need for introducing into the mixture of coloring waste in an amount of at least 25–50% for volumetric staining of ceramic samples by traditional technology. A model was proposed for the formation of a frame-painted structure of ceramics due to aggregation of clay raw materials into granules and the formation of a shell around them from a coloring component with subsequent pressing and firing of products.

A.Yu. STOLBOUSHKIN¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
D.V. AKST¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
O.A. FOMINA^{1, 2}, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Siberian State Industrial University (42, Kirova Street, Novokuznetsk, 654007, Russian Federation)
² Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the RAS, (4, Maly Kharitonievsky side Street, Moscow, 101990, Russian Federation)

1. Ostapenko P.E. Tehnologicheskaja ocenka mineral'nogo syrya. Oprobovanie mestorozhdenij. Harakteristika syrya [Technological evaluation of mineral raw materials. Deposit testing. Characteristics of raw materials]. Moscow: Nedra. 1990. 272 p. (In Russian).
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14. Ezerskiy V.A., Panferov A.I. The kaolinite clay of the Novoor deposit is an effective additive in the production of face brick and clinkerю. Stroitel'nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 5, pp. 19–21. (In Russian).
15. Bogdanov A.N., Abdrahmanova L.A., Gordeev A.S. Evaluation of the efficiency of carbonate-containing additives in clay raw materials to create face ceramics. Izvestija KazGASU. 2013. No. 2(24), pp. 215–220. (In Russian).
16. Stolboushkin A.Yu. Improving decorative properties of ceramic wall materials prodused of technogenic and natural resourses. Stroitel'nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 8, pp. 24–29.
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18. Makarov D.V., Suvorova O.V., Masloboev V.A. Prospects of processing the mining and mineral processing waste in Murmansk Region into ceramic building materials. Apatity: FRC KSC RAS. 2019. 44 p. DOI: 10.25702/KSC.978-5-91137-403-7
19. Zubehin A.P., Dovzhenko I.G. Improving the quality of ceramic bricks using basic steelmaking slag. Stroitel'nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 4, pp. 57–59. (In Russian).
20. Loryuenyong V., Panyachai T., Kaewsimork K., Siritai C. Effects of recycled glass substitution on the physical and mechanical properties of clay bricks. Waste Management. 2009. No. 29, pp. 2717-2721.
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33. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Akst D.V., Fomina O.A., Syromjasov V.A. Change in color intensity of decorative ceramic materials with matrix structure. Trudy NGASU. 2017. Vol. 20. No. 2(65), pp. 92–102. (In Russian).
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35. Patent RF 2701657. Sposob poluchenija syr'evoj smesi dlja dekorativnoj stroitel'noj keramiki [The method of obtaining a raw mix for decorative construction ceramics]. Akst D.V., Stolboushkin A.Yu., Fomina O.A. Declared 19.12.2018. Published 30.09.2019. Bulletin No. 28. (In Russian).

The expediency of using iron-containing blast furnace sludge to obtain building ceramic materials has been established. It is a raw material that is used by more than 50%. It was found that the most optimal composition of the ceramic mass is 20–50 wt. %. 20% is 42.8 MPa, water absorption is 12.1% at a sample density of 1850 kg/m³. Physicochemical research methods have proved that the use of iron-containing components in the composition of ceramic materials leads to the formation of crystalline phases: anorthite, quartz and hematite. Thus, the possibility of obtaining wall ceramic bricks and other construction materials for structural purposes was established. In addition, the issue of using waste from the metallurgical industry in the form of blast furnace slurry is being resolved.

V.A. VLASOV, Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
N.K. SKRIPNIKOVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M.A. SEMENOVYKH, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
O.G. VOLOKITIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.V. SHEKHOVTSOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (2, Solyanaya Square, Tomsk, 634003, Russian Federation)

1. Skripnikova N.K., Litvinova V.A., Lutsenko A.V., Semenovykh M.A. Firing wall materials using aluminosilicate waste. Effective formulations and technologies in building materials science. Collection of the International Scientific and Technical Conference. Novosibirsk State Agrarian University. 2017, pp. 249–253. (In Russian).
2. Gurieva V.A., Doroshin A.V., Vdovin K.M., Andreeva Yu.E. Porous ceramics on the basis of low-melting clays and slurries. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 4, pp. 32–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-747-4-32-36. (In Russian).
3. Sidikova T.D. Manufacture of the building ceramics from an industrial wastes. Sovremennoe stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura. 2019. No. 2 (14), pp. 26–28. (In Russian).
4. Yatsenko N.D., Vil’bitskaya N.A., Yatsenko A.I. The formation of the structure and properties of effective wall ceramics based on metallurgical waste. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Severo-Kavkazskii region. Seriya: Tekhnicheskie nauki. 2019. No. 2 (202), pp. 43–47. (In Russian).
5. Silva R.V., de Brito J., Lynn C.J. and others. Use of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes in alkali-activated materials, ceramics and granular applications: A review. Waste Management. 2017. Vol. 68, pp. 207–220. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.06.043
6. Vorob’eva A.A., Shakhova V.N., Pikalov E.S., Selivanov O.G., Sysoev E.P., Chukhlanov V.Yu. Obtaining facing ceramics with vitrification effect on the basis of low-plastic clay and technogenic waste of the Vladimir region. Steklo i keramika. 2018. No. 2, pp. 13–17. (In Russian).
7. Lygina T.Z., Luzin V.P., Kornilov A.V. Man-made non-metallic waste in the production of building materials. Izvestiya Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2017. No. 4 (42), pp. 303–313. (In Russian).
8. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Berdov G.I., Vereshchagin V.I., Fomina O.A. Ceramic wall materials of matrix structure based on non-sintering low-plastic technogenic and natural raw materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 8, pp. 19–24. (In Russian).
9. Zhang, Hong-Quan; Wang, Ya-Ming; Wen, Jin and others. Preparation and characteristics of foam ceramics using metallurgical slag at low temperature. International Conference on Materials Science and Engineering Application (ICMSEA). 2016, pp. 7–11.
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11. Karayannis Vayos G., Karapanagioti Hrissi K., Domopoulou Asimina E. and all. Stabilization/solidification of hazardous metals from solid wastes into ceramics. Waste and biomass valorization. 2017. Vol. 8, pp. 1863–1874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9713-z
12. Ryshchenko M.I., Shchukina L.P., Lisachuk G.V., Galushka Ya.O., Tsovma V.V. Ceramic building materials using slag waste from iron foundry. Ekologiya i promyshlennost’. 2018. No. 2 (55), pp. 67–73. (In Russian).
13. Volokitin G.G., Skripnikova N.K., Volokitin O.G., Lutsenko A.V., Shekhovtsov V.V., Litvinova V.A., Semenovykh M.A. Bottom ash waste used in different construction materials. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2017. 012013. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/189/1/012013
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15. Shishakina O.A., Palamarchuk A.A. Overview of directions for the utilization of industrial waste in the production of building materials. Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal prikladnykh i fundamental’nykh issledovanii. 2019. No. 4, pp. 198–203. (In Russian).

The features of the effect of the introduction of nickel slags from the dumps of the South Ural Nickel Plant to the charge with low-melting clay of Khalilov deposit of Orenburg region on the properties of ceramic bricks are shown. Data on the influence of the material composition of the clay/slag charge on the strength, shrinkage, water absorption and density of experimental samples after firing in the temperature range of 900–1050°C are presented. With the help of modern research methods involving high – tech equipment, the micro-and macrostructure of ceramic samples with the addition of slag in the amount of 5–40% is considered. The structure of synthesized samples depending on the percentage of clay/slag was studied using mercury porometry. It was found that with an increase of the proportion of slag in the charge, the number of dangerous pores in the sample decreases from 2.9 to 0.18%, and the number of transition pores increases from 5.3 to 8.01%. Due to this, despite an increase in water absorption from 14.73 to 17.67% and a decrease in the ultimate compressive strength from 27 to 21.5 MPa, the frost resistance of samples with a slag content in the charge is 40% higher than that of samples containing 5% slag. The developed pore structure of both samples at the meso-level explains their relatively low density of 1500–1730 kg/m³.

V.A. GUR'EVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.A. IL'INA, Postgraduate Student

Orenburg State University (13 Pobedy Prospect, Orenburg, 460018, Russian Federation)

1. Aleshin A.A., Kazachkov E.A., Ostroushko A.V., Pustovalov Y.P., Chichkarev K.E. Improving the efficiency of processing of solid metallurgical slags. Vestnik Priazovskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta. Seriya: tekhnicheskie nauki. 2007. No. 17, pp. 220–223. (In Russian).
2. Veselovsky A.A. Nickel extraction from dump furnace slag from mine smelting at the Yuzhuralnickel plant. Metallurg. 2015. No. 6, pp. 26–28. (In Russian).
3. Bozhenov P.I. Kompleksnoe ispol’zovanie mineral’nogo syr’ya i ekologiya [Integrated Use of Mineral Raw Materials and Ecology]. Moscow: DIA Publishing House, 1994. 264 p.
4. Veselovsky A.A. Processing of waste nickel slag to extract nickel and iron. Stal. 2016. No. 11, pp. 69–71. (In Russian).
5. Chirikov A.Yu., Sannikova O.V., Medkov M.A., Yudakov A.A., Medvedev A.S. Processing of technogenic nickel wastes of metallurgical production by aluminothermy method. Stal. 2012. No. 4, pp. 73–75. (In Russian).
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8. Gurieva V.A., Doroshin A.V., Ilyina A.A. Mathematical optimization of the composition of the charges in the production of ceramic bricks. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 3, pp. 64–68. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-779-3-64-68
9. Gurieva V.A., Ilyina A.A. The manufacturing of structural ceramics with the addition of non-ferrous slags. International Symposium “Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research” dedicated to the 85th anniversary of H.I. Ibragimov (ISEES 2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/isees-19.2019.35
10. Fandeev V.P., Samokhina K.S. Research Methods for Porous Structures. Naukovedenie. 2015. Vol. 7, No. 4. https://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/34TVN415.pdf (Date of access 13.04.2020). (In Russian).
11. Suvorova O.V., Kumarova V.A., Belyaevsky A.T. Study of the effect of pore size distribution on the technical properties of ceramic material. Proceedings of the V All-Russian scientific conference with international participation “Problems of rational use of natural and technogenic raw materials of the Barents region in the technology of building and technical materials”. Apatity: Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences. 2013. 210 p. (In Russian).
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This article shows the possibilities of using large – sized ceramic stones for modern housing construction. The article includes an overview of raw materials and technologies for their production. It is emphasized, that the most promising technology for the production of large-sized ceramic stones is the technology of rigid extrusion with the possibility of laying raw products on firing trolleys and accelerated modes of drying and firing. The characteristic of the screenings of processing waste heaps of the Eastern Donbass, which are by-products of coal mining, as the main raw material for the production of large-sized ceramic stones is given. The article presents their ceramic properties and the results of the selection of raw materials, including: screenings – 60–65%; siliceous clays – 20–30% coal sludge – 10–15%, based on which it is possible to obtain products with a reduced cost and increased strength for load-bearing wall structures. The features of the microstructure of a ceramic material based on the obtained raw mixtures with optimal porosity are noted. It is also shown that the involvement of waste heaps in the production of ceramic stones will make it possible to obtain products with a density of less than 800 kg/m³, a thermal conductivity of less than 0,20 m·°C) / Watt and a strength grade of M150 and higher, with a minimum net cost. This will create a serious competition for gas silicate products and achieve the level of use of ceramic stones in the total volume of wall products for residential construction of 80%, as in Western Europe.

A.N. BESKOPYLNY, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering),
Kh.S. YAVRUYAN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering),
E.S. GAISHUN, Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.V. KOTLYAR, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering),
A.S. GAISHUN, Student (Engineering)

Don state University of civil engineering (1, Gagarina Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344010, Russian Federation)

1. Yavruyan Kh.S., Gaishun E.S. Analysis of the state of coal mining waste and its use in the production of ceramic products. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2016. No. 24, pp. 40–46. (In Russian).
2. Yavruyan Kh.S., Gaishun E.S., Kotlyar V.D. Krupnorazmernyye vysokoeffektivnyye keramicheskiye kamni i bloki iz yacheistykh betonov v sovremennom stroitel’stve i arkhitekture. V kn. Arkhitektura. Stroitel’stvo. Dizayn: istoriya, opyt, novatsii. Monografiya. Kniga 2. [Large-sized high-performance ceramic stones and aerated concrete blocks in modern construction and architecture. In the book. Architecture. Building. Design: history, experience, innovation. Monograph. Book 2.] Voronezh: Voronezh State University. 2018, pp. 26–35.
3. Yavruyan Kh.S., Gaishun E.S., Kotlyar V.D., Serebryanaya I.А., Filippova A.А., Gaishun A.S. Selection of compositions of ceramic masses based on industrial wastes using mathematical planning methods. E3S Web Conf. Topical Problems of Green Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering 2019 (TPACEE 2019). 2020. Vol. 164. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016414017
4. Kotlyar V.D., Yavruyan Kh.S., Gaishun E.S., Terekhina Yu.V. Integrated approach to processing coal mining waste in Eastern Donbass. Municipal waste management as an important factor in the sustainable development of a metropolis. 2018. No. 1, pp. 115–118. (In Russian).
5. Yavruyan Kh.S., Gaishun E.S., Teryokhina Yu.V., Kotlyar V.D., The research on the sifting from Donbass refuse heap for manufacturing wall ceramic goods. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018. Vol. 196(682):04055 DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201819604055
6. Bozhko Yu.A., Lazareva Ya.V., Gaishun E.S. Phase transformations of siliceous clays in the process of firing ceramics Phase transformations of siliceous clays during ceramics firing. 63rd International Scientific Conference of Astrakhan State Technical University, dedicated to the 25th anniversary of Astrakhan State Technical University. 2019. (In Russian).
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9. Stolboushkin A.Yu. Perspective direction of development of building ceramic materials from low-grade stock. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 24–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-758-4-24-28 (In Russian).
10. Yavruyan Kh.S., Kotlyar V.D., Gaishun E.S. Medium-fraction materials for processing of coal-thread waste drains for the production of wall ceramics. Materials Science Forum. 2018. Vol. 931, pp. 532–536. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.931.532
11. Kotlyar V.D., Yavruyan K.S. Wall ceramic articles on the basis of fine-disperse products of waste pile processing. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 4, pp. 38–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-747-4-38-41. (In Russian).
12. Yavruyan Kh.S., Kotlyar V.D. Gaishun E.S., Complex processing of coal waste of the Eastern Donbass for the production of ceramic products. science-intensive technologies for the development and use of mineral resources. Naukoemkie tekhnologii razrabotki i ispol’zovaniya mineral’nykh resursov. 2019. No. 5, pp. 489–494. (In Russian).
13. Yavruyan Kh.S., Gaishun E.S., Kotlyar V.D., Okhotnaya  A.S. Features of phasea mineralogical conversions when burning wall ceramics on the basis of secondary materials for processing coal deposits of eastern Donbass. Materials Science Forum. 2019, pp. 67–74. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.974.67
14. Talpa B.V. Anthropogenic resources of carbon series of Eastern Donbass and prospects of their use in ceramic industry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 8, pp. 58–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-762-8-58-61 (In Russian).
15. Gaishun E.S. Ceramic stones made out of technogenic raw materials of the coal range. Topical issues of modern construction of industrial regions of Russia. 2019, pp. 235-236. (In Russian).

It is shown that the increase in production of wall and road clinker bricks in Russia directly depends on the raw material base. It is noted that the focus on traditional refractory sintering clay raw materials is unpromising due to its low prevalence and high cost. The characteristic of siftings of crushing sandstones of the Eastern Donbass as a new man-made raw material for the production of clinker bricks with a reduced cost is given. Laboratory-technological and semi-factory tests have shown that for the production of clinker bricks, the following selected fractions of siftings can be used: 0–0,63 mm; 0–0,315 mm and 0–0,16 mm, which have the necessary features and which are most efficiently obtained by sieving and separating the bulk of the siftings. The results of research are presented, according to which to achieve water absorption requirements for road clinker bricks (less than 2.5%) the burning temperature for the 0–0.16 mm fraction is 990–1010^oC, the temperature for the 0–0.315 mm fraction is 1030–1050^oC, and for the 0–0.63 mm fraction it is 1060–1080^oC. At these burning temperatures, the required values of the necessary indicators for road clinker bricks are reached with a large margin: strength, density, frost resistance, abrasion resistance, acid resistance. The results allow us to say that sandstone crushing siftings are a promising raw material for obtaining wall and road clinker bricks with minimal cost using simplified technology and in the future Rostov region can become a major center for the production of clinker bricks with a cost available for budget construction.

A.V. KOTLYAR¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
Yu.I. NEBEZHKO², Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
Yu.A. BOZHKO¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.A. YASHCHENKO¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
N.I. NEBEZHKO³, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.D. KOTLYAR¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Don State Technical University (1, Gagarina Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344010, Russian Federation)
² OOO “Elite construction ceramics” (86A, Alexandrovskaya Street, Novocherkassk, Rostov Region, 346421, Russian Federation)
³ Individual entrepreneur (108, Prosvescheniya Street, Novocherkassk, Rostov Region, 344000, Russian Federation)

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3. Kotlyar V.D., Yavruyan Kh.S., Gaishun E.S., Terekhina Yu.V. An integrated approach to the processing of coal mining waste in the Eastern Donbass. Municipal waste management as an important factor in the sustainable development of a megapolis. 2018. No. 1, pp. 115–118. (In Russian).
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The analysis of design decisions when choosing the technology of production of ceramic bricks from clay raw materials of Tascaevskoe Deposit (Altai Krai) on the basis of its research by VNIISTROM named after P.P. Budnikov, Altaiagroprom, Chinese Research Planning and Design Institute of Building Materials Industry, and Czech Company “GeoBrick” is conducted. The results of research of Tomsk State Polytechnic University and “Baskey” LLC (Russia) on complex enrichment of raw materials when activating dispersed systems by single-time (SH1) and double-time (SH2) processing in a liquid mixer with a rotоr siren are presented. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown.

V.A. SYROMYASOV¹, Engineer-researcher (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
T.V. VAKALOVA², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
G.I. STOROZHENKO³, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ The Siberian State Industrial University (42, Kirov Street, Kemerovo Region, Novokuznetsk, 654007, Russian Federation)
² The Tomsk Polytechnic University (30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation)
³ The Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SIBSTRIN) (113, Leningradskaya Street, Novosibirsk, 630008, Russian Federation)

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The article shows the need to adjust the normative documents on masonry due to the inconsistency of a number of GOSTs for compression testing of bricks with each other, as well as with SP 15.1330.2012 “Masonry and reinforced masonry structures”. One of the problems arose in connection with a change in the method of preparing the surface of samples for testing ceramic bricks of plastic molding for compression in GOST 530-2012, where grinding became the main way to level the surface instead of the previously adopted solution leveling method. This led to an artificial overestimation of the brick compressive strength grade. To maintain the relationship between GOSTs and SP, it is optimal to introduce in GOST 530 transition factors from the strength of polished bricks to the strength of bricks with a solution leveling surface. There is an inconsistency in the methods of testing masonry with SP 15.1330.2012 and a number of other problems. Separate borrowings from European standards are inevitable due to the large number of modern materials and technologies that came from abroad. At the same time, the work shows that the mechanical introduction of individual fragments from other norms violates the integrity of the existing system of regulatory documents.

М.K. ISHCHUK, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Research Institute of Building Constructions named after V.A. Koucherenko (TSNIISK) JSC Research Center of Construction (6, 2-nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow, 109428, Russian Federation)

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Methods for forecasting the elastic modulus of materials based on blends of compatible and incompatible polymers are considered. These materials contain fine dispersions of one of the polymers in the polymer matrix of the other polymer. The options are analyzed: dispersion of a solid amorphous polymer of a certain chemical structure in a solid amorphous polymer matrix of a different chemical structure; the dispersion of mineral filler particles in a composite matrix based on a mixture of organic polymers. The dependences of the elastic moduli on the molar, weight, and volume fractions are determined by the van der Waals volume of the components, the molecular mass of the repeating units, and the density of the components. The dependences of the elastic modulus of blends of polyvinyl chloride with a number of polymers, including aromatic polyesters, polyether ketones, polysulfone, polycarbonate, are constructed. The greatest increase in the elastic modulus from 2400 to 3980 MPa gives polypyromellitimide anilinephthalein. The preparation of wood-polymer composites increases the elastic modulus from 2400 to 4660 MPa under tensile conditions. The introduction of a mineral filler in the form of CaCO₃ leads to an increase in the modulus E to 3230 MPA with a CaCO₃ content relative to the wood filler of 42%. The forecast of the elastic modulus for composites containing moso bamboo as a wood filler shows that with this content of wood filler, the elastic modulus can increase to 4400 MPa.

A.A. ASKADSKII^{1, 2}, Doctor of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
C. WANG³, Graduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.I. KONDRASHCHENKO³, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
T.V. ZHDANOVA¹, Graduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
T.A. MATSEEVICH¹, Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematic) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS) (18, Vavilova Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation)
³ Russian University of Transport (9, Obrazcova Street, Moscow, 127994, Russian Federation)

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Monolithic construction is one of the most promising technologies used in the construction of various buildings and structures. The emergence of a wide range of new materials and innovative construction technologies greatly simplify the process of monolithic construction of buildings and structures, making it more economical and fast. Concrete is one of the leading building materials. One of the main technical and technological tasks of production is to design the composition of concrete, improve its quality and reduce costs. The aim of the study is to develop recommendations for the design of concrete mixtures with a given mobility and a reduced risk of segregation of components in work processes. Theoretical and experimental study of the effect of a complex additive consisting of a Nano-modified superplasticizer and an air-entraining component on the rheological properties of the concrete mixture allowed to offer recommendations for the design of composite compositions. Nano-modified additive is a complicated complex of concrete with an axial compressive strength of 15–20 MPa. Application of a complex additive allows to receive concrete mixes with the set mobility and with a minimum risk of delamination. The exponential regression equation allows predicting the need for a Nano-modified additive to obtain the required mobility of the concrete mixture.

A.P. SVINTSOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
ABBAS ABDULHUSSEIN ABD NOOR, Postgraduate student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
ABBAS ABDEL-SATER, Postgraduate student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
А.N. SOROKIN, Bachelor (Graduate Student) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) (6, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation)

1. Yang L., Yilmaz E., Li J., Liu H., Jiang H. Effect of superplasticizer type and dosage on fluidity and strength behavior of cemented tailings backfill with different solid contents. Construction and Building Materials. 2018. Vol. 187, pp. 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.155
2. Боруля Н.И., Краснова Т.А. Проблемы обеспечения сохранения свойств бетонных смесей во времени // Технологии бетонов. 2013. № 6 (83). С. 8–11.
2. Boroulya N.I., Krasnova T.A. Problems of maintaining the properties of concrete mixtures in time. Tekhnologii betonov. 2013. No. 6 (83), pp. 8–11. (In Russian).
3. Marchon D., Flatt R.J. 8 – Mechanisms of cement hydration. Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures. 2016, pp. 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100693-1.00008-4
4. Nkinamubanzi P.C., Mantellato S., Flatt R.J. 16 - Superplasticizers in practice. Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures. 2016, pp. 353–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100693-1.00016-3
5. Zhang Y., Kong X. Correlations of the dispersing capability of NSF and PCE types of superplasticizer and their impacts on cement hydration with the adsorption in fresh cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research. 2015. Vol. 69, pp. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.11.009Y
6. Svintsov A.P., Shchesnyak E.L., Galishnikova V.V., Fediuk R.S., Stashevskaya N.А. Effect of nano-modified additives on properties of concrete mixtures during winter season. Construction and Building Materials. 2020. Vol. 237. 117527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117527
7. Свинцов А.П., Николенко Ю.В., Патрахаль-цев Н.Н., Иванов В.Н. Совершенствование технологии бетонных работ в монолитном домостроении // Строительные материалы. 2012. № 1. С. 28–32.
7. Svintsov А.P., Nikolenko Y.V., Patrakhal’tsev N.N., Ivanov V.N. Improvement of technology of concrete works in monolithic housing construction. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 1, pp. 28–32. (In Russian).
8. Barabanshchikov G., Komarinskiy M.V. Influence of superplasticizer s-3 on the technological properties of concrete mixtures. Advanced Materials Research. 2014. Vol. 941–944, pp. 780–785. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.941-944.780
9. Yang L., Yilmaz E., Li J., Liu H., Jiang H. Effect of superplasticizer type and dosage on fluidity and strength behavior of cemented tailings backfill with different solid contents. Construction and Building Materials. 2018. Vol. 187, pp. 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.155
10. Tan H., Ma B., Li X., Jian S., Yang H. Effect of competitive adsorption between sodium tripolyphosphate and naphthalene superplasticizer on fluidity of cement paste. Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 2014. Vol. 29 (2), pp. 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-014-0917-4
11. Kong D., Du X., Wei S., Zhang H., Yang Y., Shah S.P. Influence of nano-silica agglomeration on microstructure and properties of the hardened cement-based materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2012. Vol. 37, pp. 707–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.006

The results of studies of IR transmission spectra of carbon nanomaterials (CNM) obtained by gas pyrolysis and subjected to heating in the presence of water vapor are presented. The method of infrared spectroscopy makes it possible to study the composition and structure of various substances. At this, a very small amount of material is sufficient for conducting research, and the material itself does not require special preliminary preparation. For many systems, the method of infrared spectroscopy makes it possible to obtain information about the structure of the surface, characterize the centers of adsorption and their interaction with the adsorbed substance. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of high-temperature steam-gas treatment on the change in the phase composition of the CNM. The obtained data explain the previously assumed mechanism of increasing the strength set of cement stone.

S.A. ZHDANOK¹, Doctor of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics);
E.N. POLONINA², Engineer,
S.N. LEONOVICH², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Foreign Member of RAACS (Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences)

¹ OOO “Advanced Research and Technologies” (room 16, 1, Sovkhoznaya Street, Leskovka, Minsk District, 223058, Republic of Belarus)
² Belarusian National Technical University (Belarus, 220013, Minsk, Nezavisimosty Avenue, 65)

1. Zhdanok S.A., Polonina E.N., Leonovich S.N., Khrusta-lev B.M., Koleda E.A. Strength enhancement of concrete with a plasticizer on the basis of nano-structured carbon. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 6, pp. 67–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-760-6-67-72 (In Russian).
2. Zhdanok S.A., Polonina E.N., Leonovich S.N., Khrustalev B.M., Koleda E.A. The effect of plasticizing additives containing carbon nanomaterial on the properties of self-compacting concrete. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2018. No. 6 (71), pp. 76–85. (In Russian).
3. Zhdanok S.A., Polonina E.N., Leonovich S.N., Khrustalev B.M., Koleda E.A. Physico-mechanical characteristics of concrete modified with a plasticizing additive based on nanostructured carbon. Inzhenerno-fizicheskii zhurnal. 2019. Vol. 92. No. 1, pp. 14–20. (In Russian).
4. Zhdanok S.A., Polonina E.N., Leonovich S.N., Khrustalev B.M., Koleda E.A. The influence of plasticizing additives based on nanostructured carbon in a self-compacting concrete mixture on its technological properties. Inzhenerno-fizicheskii zhurnal. 2019. Vol. 92. No. 2, pp. 391–396. (In Russian).
5. Smit A. Prikladnaya IK-spektroskopiya [Applied IR-Spectroscopy]. Moscow: Mir. 1982. 328 p.
6. Mikhailova E.S., Ismagilov Z.R., Kuznetsov V.V., Podyacheva O.Yu., Chichkan’ A.S., Sal’nikov A.V., Chesnokov V.V. Installation for the preparation and conduct of IR spectroscopic studies of carbon nanomaterials. Vestnik KuzGTU. 2017. No. 4 (122), pp. 155–163. (In Russian).
7. Kessler I. Metody infrakrasnoi spektroskopii v khimicheskom analize [Methods of infrared spectroscopy in chemical analysis]. Moscow: Mir. 1964. 288 p.
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12. Patent 2839 Republic of Belarus, IPC B82B 3/00. Zhdanok S.A., Krauklis A.V., Samtsov P.P., Volzhankin V.M. Installation for producing carbon nanomaterials. Publ. 06/30/2006 (In Russian).
13. Patent 15341 Republic of Belarus, IPC7 C 01B 31/02, B 82B 3/00. Zhilinsky V.V., Drozdovich V.B., Zhdanok S.A., Zharsky I.M. A method of producing carbon nanoscale materials. Publ. 08/22/2012. (In Russian).

The scientific substantiation of the influence of the mixing speed of raw materials on the amount of capillary coupling forces between dispersed particles of the solid phase in foam concrete mixtures is given. It is shown that the intensity of external energy impact on raw materials controls the mass transfer features when manufacturing foam concrete mixtures and, as a result, the ratio between the amount of surfactants at the gas–liquid interface and in the interpore space. It is proved that the fiber from synthetic fibers, due to the size of its surface energy potential and shape, is able to control the speed of mass transfer of raw materials at an early stage of the formation of the structure of foam concretes. It is experimentally established that increasing the speed of mass transfer at the nanoscale, that is, during the predominance of weak energy interactions between raw materials components, positively affects the kinetics of plastic strength in foam concrete mixtures and the mechanical properties of the hardened material.

V.N. MORGUN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
L.V. MORGUN², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.Yu. BOGATINA³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ Southern Federal University (105/42, Bolshaya Sadovaya Street, 344006, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)
² Don State Technical University (1, Gagarin Square, 344400, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)
³ Rostov State Transport University (2, Rostovskogo Strelkovogo Polka Narodnogo Opolcheniya Square, 344038, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)

1. Boyarko G.Yu. Ekonomika mineral’nogo syr’ya [Mineral Economics]. Tomsk: «Audit-Inform». 2000. 361 p.
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3. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po primeneniyu klassifikatsii zapasov mestorozhdenii i prognoznykh resursov tverdykh poleznykh iskopaemykh. Stroitel’nyi i oblitsovochnyi kamen’ [Guidelines for the application of the classification of reserves of deposits and forecast resources of solid minerals. Building and facing stone]. Moscow: FGU GKZ. 2007. 28 p.
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6. Rekomendatsii po obsledovaniyu i otsenke sostoyaniya krupnopanel’nykh i kamennykh zdaniy [Recommendations for the examination and assessment of the condition of large-panel and stone buildings]. Moscow: TsNIISK. 1987. 36 p.
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