A phenomenological quantum theory is presented, the exact solutions of which describe the growth rate of crystal grains from a melt or solution and the granular structure of the material according to its parameters, temperature and pressure. The relationship between the melting temperature and activation energy and the rebound temperature at which the crystallization rate is maximal is established. It is shown that one-dimensional molecular compounds do not have a granular structure, and for two-dimensional and three-dimensional crystalline materials, a formula for the dependence of crystal sizes on temperature and material parameters is obtained. It is revealed that over time, the growth of crystalline grains occurs in the granular structure when smaller individual grains are absorbed. The criterion of maximum grain sizes is specified, at which further growth stops: the surface energy of the absorbed grain becomes greater than the change in the energy of the electronic system of the entire body when one grain is absorbed. It is shown that as the grain size increases, the binding energy of atoms in the intergranular area decreases, which leads to a loss of strength of materials – aging. The period of formation of grains of maximum size determines the durability of materials, the time of durability of materials, which in the first approximation is found by the formula of S. Zhurkov. A method for determining the degree of aging of materials by grain size is specified. These theoretical results are of great practical importance and are obtained for the first time.

.V. ZAKHAROV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
U.Sh. SHAYAKHMETOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
E.A. SINITSINA², Engineer (Assistant) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.V. NEDOSEKO², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.N. PUDOVKIN³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Bashkir State University (32, Zaki Validi Street, Ufa, 450076,Russian Federation)
² Ufa State Petroleum Technical University (195, Mendeleeva Street, Ufa, 450080, Russian Federation)
³ Kumertau branch of Orenburg State University (3B, 2nd Lane Soviet, Kumertau, 453300, Russian Federation)

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The results of the analysis of the dependence of strength on the concentration of defects in the structure of composites are presented. The results obtained are consistent with the concept of material destruction proposed by E.E. Damaskinskaya and A.G. Kadomtsev, which provides for two stages in the evolution of cracks: the first stage is the origin of cracks with dimensions depending on the parameters of the material structure, and the second stage is the development of characteristic initial cracks capable of self – development. It is shown that the fractal dimension calculated from the test results makes it possible to analyze the processes of material structure formation and estimate the geometric dimension of the elements of characteristic cracks depending on the concentration of structural defects. It is shown that for materials with a low concentration of structural defects, the fractal dimension can vary in a wide range of values, which indicates the possibility of implementing various evolutionary routes of crack development. For materials with a high concentration of defects, only one crack development scenario can be implemented. The maximum concentration of structural defects is 0.865, and the maximum sensitivity of the material to the concentration of structural defects should be observed in materials with a strength of 13.5% of the maximum strength. A dependence for calculating the specific volume surface energy and a method for determining the distribution of cracks by relative characteristic dimensions for a given value of the fractal dimension are proposed.

E.V. KOROLEV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering);
A.N. GRISHINA², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.M. AYZENSHTADT³, Doctor of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, 2-nd Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, St. Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)
² National Recearch Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
³ Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (17, Severnaya Dvina Embankment, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation)

1. Bazhenov Yu.M., Garkina I.A., Danilov A.M., Korolev E.V. Sistemnyj analiz v stroitel’nom materialovedenii [Systems analysis in construction materials science]. Moscow: MGSU. 2012. 432 p.
2. Budylina E.A., Garkina I.A., Danilov A.M. Formalized description of building materials particular criteria. Regional’naya Arhitektura i Stroitel’stvo. 2020. No. 1 (42), pp. 25–31. (In Russian).
3. Garkina I.A., Danilov A.M. Application of systems analysis for desing of composites. Regional’naya Arhitektura i Stroitel’stvo. 2020. No. 1 (42), pp. 63–68. (In Russian).
4. Selyaev V.P., Selyaev P.V., Kechutkina E.L., Danilov A.M., Garkina I.A. Composite materials as complex systems: control of properties. Regional’naya Arhitektura i Stroitel’stvo. 2019. No. 3 (40), pp. 35–43. (In Russian).
5. Budylina E.A., Garkina I.A., Danilov A.M. Systems theory and decomposition during design of composites. Regional’naya Arhitektura i Stroitel’stvo. 2019. No. 3 (40), pp. 44–49. (In Russian).
6. Garkina I.A., Danilov A.M., Korolev E.V. Brief review of analytical methods for the synthesis of complex systems. Regional’naya Arhitektura i Stroitel’stvo. 2018. No. 4 (37), pp. 48–54. (In Russian).
7. Danilov A.M., Garkina I.A. Conceptual models of composites as complex systems: current state and prospects. Regional’naya Arhitektura i Stroitel’stvo. 2018. No. 3 (36), pp. 56–61. (In Russian).
8. Korolev E.V., Samoshin A.P., Smirnov V.A., Korolev O.V., Grishina A.N. Metodiki i algoritm sinteza radiacionno-zashchitnyh materialov novogo pokoleniya [Selection of algorithm for the synthesis of new-generation radiation-protective materials]. Penza: PGUAS. 2009. 132 p.
9. Bobryshev A.N., Erofeev V.T., Kozomazov V.N. Fizika i sinergetika dispersno-neuporyadochennyh kondensirovannyh kompozitnyh sistem [Physics and synergystics of disperse disordered condensed composites]. St. Petersburg: Nauka. 2012. 476 p.
10. Bobryshev A.N. Kozomazov V.N., Lakhno A.V., Tuchkov V.V. Prochnost’ i dolgovechnost’ polimernyh kompozicionnyh materialov [Strength and durability of polymer composite materials]. Lipetsk: RPGF “Yulis”. 2006. 170 p.
11. Budylina E.A., Garkina I.A., Danilov A.M., Sorokin D.S. Synthesis of composites: models based on logical algorithms. Sovremennye Problemy Nauki i Obrazovaniya. 2014. No. 5, pp. 149–156. (In Russian).
12. Korolev E.V. Bazhenov Yu.M., Albakasov A.I. Radiacionno-zashchitnye i himicheski stojkie sernye stroitel’nye materialy [Radiation-protectice and chemicaly resistant sulpur building materials]. Penza-Orenburg: IPK OGU, 2010. 364 p.
13. Grishina A.N., Korolev E.V. Zhidkostekol’nye stroitel’nye materialy special’nogo naznacheniya [Special-purpose building materials based on liquid glass]. Moscow: Moscow State University, 2015. 224 p.
14. Ivanova V.S., Balankin A.S., Bunin I.Z., Oksogoev A.A. Sinergetika i fraktaly v materialovedenii [Synergetics and fractals in materials science]. Moscow: Nauka. 1994. 383 p.
15. Ivanova V.S., Zakirnichnaya M.M., Kuzeev I.R. Sinergetika i fraktaly. Universal’nost’ mekhanicheskogo povedeniya materialov [Synergetics and fractals. The universal character of material’s mechanics. Part 1]. Ufa: UGNTU. 1998. 144 p.
16. Damaskinskaya E.E., Kadomtsev A.G. Features of the stages of the process of destruction during deformation of heterogeneous natural materials. Vestnik TGU. 2015. Vol. 20 (1), pp. 77–84. (In Russian).
17. Gusev B.V., Korolev E.V., Grishina A.N. Models of polydisperse systems: evaluation’s criteria and analysis of performance factors. Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel’stvo. 2018. No. 8, pp. 31–39. (In Russian).
18. Uryev N.B., Potanin A.A. Tekuchest’ suspenzij i poroshkov [Fluidity of suspensions and powders]. Moscow: Himiya. 1992. 252 p.
19. Korolev E.V., Grishina A.N. Fractal dimension as a universal characteristic of material structure and strength parameters. Regional’naya Arhitektura i Stroitel’stvo. 2020. No. 1 (42), pp. 5–15. (In Russian).

The criterion for optimizing the composition and technology of preparation of asphalt materials with dispersed bitumen should be considered the degree of its dispersion, which affects the flow of structure formation processes in subsequent technological changes and ultimately the properties of asphalt in the layers of road pavement. This article presents the results of road repairs in the Kuvandyksky district of the Orenburg region. For the first time in industrial volumes, a bituminous suspension and an asphalt-concrete mixture based on it were prepared using bitumen in a foamed state. On the basis of materials presented it can be possible to design and manufacture an unit for the preparation of asphalt materials with dispersed bitumen from bituminous mastics and reinforced soils to asphalt mixtures and cement-concrete mixtures with bitumen additives. It is possible to obtain a sufficient degree of dispersion of bitumen and uniformity of its distribution in the asphalt concrete mixture with less stringent requirements for the content of mineral powder and water when introducing bitumen in a sprayed state. Cleaning from dust and drying of the repaired road surface from cold asphalt concrete mixes based on dispersed bitumen is not required. The material is adapted to wet and dusty surfaces. It can also be used for hot technology on the ACP (Asphalt concrete plant) without bituminous sector – to supply cold bituminous suspension instead of bitumen. At asphalt plant eliminates the need for bitumen sector in the classic sense: bitumen storage tank, bitumen pump, thermal insulated bitumen pipe, bitumen pot for bitumen dehydration, consumable bitumen pot.

S.Yu. ANDRONOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.F. IVANOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.V. KOCHETKOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.I. ALFEROV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Deputy General Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Saratov State Technical University named after Y.A. Gagarin (77, Politechnicheskaya Street, Saratov, 410054, Russian Federation)
² Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky Prospect, Perm, 614990, Russian Federation)
³ “ROSDORNII” Federal autonomous institution (2, Smolnaya Street, Moscow, 125493, Russian Federation)

1. Ivanov A.F. Study of the ways of directional structure formation of asphalt materials with dispersed bitumen at the stage of combining component components. Tekhnicheskoe Regulirovanie v Transportnom stroitel’stve. 2015. No. 2 (10), pp. 5–7. (In Russian).
2. Erofeev V.T., Sal’nikova A.I., Kablov E.N., Startsev O.V., Varchenko E.A. The study of the durability of bitumen composites in conditions of variable humidity, ultraviolet radiation and sea water. Fundamental’nye Issledovaniya. 2014. No. 12–12, pp. 2549–2556. (In Russian).
3. Kasatkin Yu.N. Ensuring design indicators of the properties of asphalt materials when performing waterproofing structures from them. Izvestiya Vserossiiskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel’skogo Instituta Gidrotekhniki im. B.E. Vedeneeva. 2003. Vol. 242, pp. 161–168. (In Russian).
4. Nekhoroshev V.P., Nekhoroshev S.V., Nekhorosheva A.V., Tarasova O.I. Chemical modification of road bitumen with atactic polypropylene. Neftekhimiya. 2017. Vol. 57. No. 4, pp. 380–385. (In Russian).
5. Zaitsev A.I., Lebedev A.E., Badaeva N.V., Romanova M.N. Technological features of the production of asphalt concrete mix using particles of old asphalt concrete, including those obtained by the method of thermal separation of agglomerates. Fundamental’nye Issledovaniya. 2016. No. 5–1, pp. 38–42. (In Russian).
6. Andronov S.Yu., Ivanov A.F., Kochetkov A.V. Highway repair using fiber-containing asphalt concrete mixes with dispersed binder. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 4–5, pp. 62–67. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-780-4-5-62-67
7. Andronov S.Yu., Artemenko A.A., Kochetkov A.V., Zadirakа A.A. Influence of method for basalt fibers introduction on physical-mechanical indicators of composite asphalt concrete mixes. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 7, pp. 71–73. (In Russian).
8. Voskon’yan V.G. Ways to reduce environmental pollution with solid waste. Uspekhi Sovremennogo Estestvoznaniya. 2006. No. 9, pp. 30–34. (In Russian).
9. Parkhomenko A.Yu., Minakov A.S., Kiyashko I.V. Monitoring the status of pavement as a factor in reducing environmental pollution. Vestnik of the Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University. 2011. No. 52, pp. 31–34. (In Russian).
10. Navolokina S.N. Cold asphalt concrete and additives for its production. In the collection: Education, science, production. Belgorod: Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov. 2015, pp. 688–691. (In Russian).
11. Starovoitova I.A. Prospects for the use of organic mineral binders in building materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2007. Nauka. No. 10, pp. 82. (In Russian).
12. Gornaev N.A., Evteeva S.M. Organomineral materials with dispersed binders. Fundamental’nye Issledovaniya. 2008. No. 6, p. 77. (In Russian).
13. Gornaev N.A., Pyzhov A.S., Andronov S.Yu. Cement concrete with dispersed bitumen. Sovremennye Naukoemkie Tekhnologii. 2009. No. 9, pp. 141–142. (In Russian).
14. Pyzhov A.S. Technology of road cement concrete with dispersed bitumen. Vestnik of the Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Series: Construction and Architecture. 2010. No. 19 (38), pp. 51–57. (In Russian).
15. Levchenko E.S., Rozental’ D.A., Zalishchevskii G.D. Dispersion system of bitumen and its change in the preparation of asphalt concrete. Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii. 2004. Vol. 77. No. 3, pp. 521–522. (In Russian).
16. Inozemtsev S.S., Korolev E.V. Interaction processes at the phase boundary “bitumen – dispersed phase of cement stone”. Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyi Zhurnal. 2018. No. 6 (82), pp. 60–67.
17. Patent RF No. 2285707. Sposob izgotovleniya bitumosoderzhashchikh smesei s mineral’nym komponentom [A method of manufacturing bitumen-containing mixtures with a mineral component]. A.V. Svetenko, K.M. Strachkov, N.A. Gornaev; Decl. 05.16.2005; Publ. 10.20.2006. Bull. No. 29. (In Russian).
18. Andronov S.Yu. The technology of dispersed-reinforced composite cold crushed stone and mastic asphalt. Vestnik of the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov. 2017. No. 4, pp. 67–71. (In Russian).
19. Gornaev N.A. Tekhnologiya asfal’ta s dispersnym bitumom [Dispersed bitumen asphalt technology]. Saratov. 1997. 61 p.
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21. Gornaev N.A., Strachkov K.M. Stabilization of bitumen emulsions on solid emulsifiers. Problems of Transport and Transport Construction: Interuniversity Scientific Collection. Saratov: SSTU. 2004, pp. 164–167. (In Russian).
22. Copyright certificate No. 883221 of the USSR. Sposob prigotovleniya bitumomineral’noi smesi [A method of preparing a bitumen-mineral mixture]. N.A. Gornaev, V.P. Kalashnikov, A.F. Ivanov. 1981. Publ. in B.I. No. 43. (In Russian).
23. Patent RF No. 2351703. Sposob prigotovleniya kholodnoi organomineral’noi smesi dlya dorozhnykh pokrytii. [A method of preparing a cold organic-mineral mixture for road surfaces]. Gornaev N.A., Nikishin V.E., Evteeva S.M., Andronov S.Yu., Pyzhov A.S. Publ. 04.10.2009. (In Russian).
24. Patent RF No. 2662493 Sposob polucheniya bitumnoi emul’sii i bitumnaya emul’siya [A method for producing a bitumen emulsion and a bitumen emulsion]. A.V. Kochetkov. Publ. 07.26.2018. Bull. No. 21. (In Russian).
25. Kochetkov A.V. Solid emulsifier bitumen suspension. Transportnye Sooruzheniya. 2018. No. 4. DOI: 10.15862/15SATS418.
26. Di Yu, Wensheng Wang, Yongchun Cheng, Yafeng Gong, Laboratory investigation on the properties of asphalt mixtures modified with double-adding admixtures and sensitivity analysis. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition). 2016. Vol. 3. Iss. 5, pp. 412–426. doi: 10.1016/j.jtte.2016.09.002.
27. Cheng Yongchun, Yu Di, Tan Guojin, Zhu Chunfeng. Low-temperature performance and damage constitutive model of eco-friendly basalt fiber-diatomite-modified asphalt mixture under freeze–thaw cycles. Materials. 2018. No. 11. 2148. DOI: 10.3390/ma11112148.
28. Celauro C., Praticò F.G. Asphalt mixtures modified with basalt fibres for surface courses. Construction and Building Materials. 2018. Vol. 170, pp. 245–253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.058
29. Yafeng Gong, Haipeng Bi, Chunyu Liang, Shurong Wang. Microstructure analysis of modified asphalt mixtures under freeze-thaw cycles based on CT scanning technology. Applied Sciences. 2018. 8(11):2191. DOI: 10.3390/app8112191.
30. Xiao Qin, Aiqin Shen, Yinchuan Guo, Zhennan Li. Characterization of asphalt mastics reinforced with basalt fibers. Construction and Building Materials. 2018. Vol. 159, pp. 508–516. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.012.
31. Yafeng Gong, Haipeng Bi, Zhenhong Tian, Guojin Tan. Pavement performance investigation of Nano-TiO₂/CaCO₃ and basalt fiber composite modified asphalt mixture under freeze‒thaw cycles. Applied Sciences. 201 8. 8(12):2581. DOI: 10.3390/app8122581.

The article presents the results of experimental studies of flexible ties made of polymer composite materials in the form of meshes used in masonry. The tests were carried out according to the method developed earlier by the authors. Determined the strength of the ties pulled out from the mortar joint, obtained the coefficients of the nonuniform switching of the cores in the composition of meshes, the features of meshes work as flexible ties. The graphs of movements separately in the anchorage nodes of connections in the mortar ties and between the layers of masonry are obtained. Two types of limit states were considered – for the load-bearing capacity and permissible movements under operating conditions. It is shown that both types of studied ties meet these criteria. The research data will be used to obtain generalized data on flexible ties in multilayer stone walls, including meshes made of polymer composite materials.

М.K. ISHCHUK, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
Kh.A. AIZYATULLIN, Master (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
O.K. GOGUA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Research Institute of Building Constructions named after V.A. Koucherenko (TSNIISK) JSC Research Center of Construction (6, 2-nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow 109428, Russian Federation)

1. Obozov V.I., Davidyuk A.A., Pavlova M.O., Lazarev P.A. Bearing capacity of anchor fasteners and flexible basalt-plastic ties in a masonry of lightweight concrete blocks on vitreous aggregates. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 3, pp. 39–43. (In Russian).
2. Orlovich R.B., Rubtsov N.M., Zimin S.S. On the work of anchors in layered walling with an outer brick layer. Magazine of Eivil Engineering. 2013. No. 1 (36), pp. 3–11. (In Russian).
3. Orlovich R.B., Naichuk A.J. Anchoring of the surface layer in the layered masonry walls. Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitel’stvo. 2010. No. 6, pp. 73–76. (In Russian).
4. Martins, A., Vasconcelos, G., & Costa, A. C. (2017a). Experimental assessment of the mechanical behavior of ties on brick veneers anchored to brick masonry infills. Construction and Building Materials. 2017. No. 156. pp. 515–531.
5. Zavalis R., Jonaitis B. Experimental investigation of pull out strength of flexible ties in thin brick veneer laye. Engineering Structures and Technologies. 2019. Volume 11. Issue 4. pp. 114–118.
6. Carbone I. & G. de Felice Bond performance of fiber reinforced grout on brickwork specimens. Structural Analysis of Historic Construction. 2008. pp. 809–815.
7. Ishchuk M.K., Gogua O.K., Alekhin D.A., Fayzov D.Sh., Frolova I.G., Nikolaev V.V. Experimental studies of the strength and deformation of anchoring basaltplastic ties to break out of masonry mortars before and after fire exposure. Promyshlennoye i Grazhdanskoye Stroitel’stvo. 2016. No. 12, pp. 49–52. (In Russian).
8. Ishchuk M.K., Gogua O.K., Frolova I.G. Features of operation of flexible ties in the walls with the facing layer of brick masonry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 7, pp. 40–44. DOI: 10.31659/0585-430X-2018-761-7-40-44. (In Russian).
9. Ischuk M.K. Otechestvennyi opyt vozvedeniya zdanii s naruzhnymi stenami iz oblegchennoi kladki [Domestic experience in the construction of buildings with external walls of lightweight masonry]. Moscow: RIF Stroymaterialy. 2009. 390 p.
10. Ishchuk M.K., Shiray M.V. Strength and deformation of large-size ceramic block masonry with filling of voids with heat insulation. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 5, pp. 93–95. (In Russian).
11. Ishchuk M.K., Gogua O.K., Aizyatullin Kh.A., Cheremnykh V.A. Researches of double-layer masonry under shear layers. Vestnik NITs «Stroitel’stvo». 2020. No. 24, pp. 34–43. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494
12. Stepanova V.F., Buchkin A.V., Iurin E.U., Nikishov E.I., Ishchuk М.К., Granovskii A.V., Dzhamuev B.K., Aiziatullin Kh.A. Composite polymer mesh for brick masonry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 9, pp. 44–50. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-774-9-44-50
13. Stepanova V.F., Buchkin A.V., Ishchuk М.К., Granovskii A.V. Composite polymer mesh for brick masonry. Promyshlennoye i Grazhdanskoye Stroitel’stvo. 2019. No. 11, pp. 15–19. (In Russian).
14. Stepanova V.F., Buchkin A.B., Granovskii A.B., Ishuk M.K., Urin E.N., Koroleva E.N., Maksimova T.A., Nikishov E.I. Researches of grids composite polymeric for a stone laying and definition of rational scopes. Research report No. 76/2018 dated 02.03.2018 (FAA “Federal Center for Standardization, Standardization and Technical Conformity Assessment in Construction”) (In Russian).
15. SP 327.1325800.2017. Exterior walls with a front brick layer. Rules for the design, operation and repair. Moscow: Standartinform. 2017. 33 p.
16. SP 15.13330.2012. Masonry construction. Construction Norms and Regulations of II-22–81* (with changes No. 1, 2, 3). Moscow: Standartinform. 2019. 81 p.
17. EN 845-1:2013 Specification for ancillary components for masonry – Part 1: Wall ties, tension straps, hangers and brackets.

The development of the Northern and Arctic regions is hindered by unfavorable engineering and geological conditions. Therefore, an urgent task is to introduce innovative technologies in construction that improve the physical and mechanical properties of dispersed soils. There are various ways to strengthen and stabilize soils, but the most widely used are combined physical and chemical methods that make it possible to create structures with specified performance characteristics by the type of soil concrete. Preliminary studies have shown the effectiveness of using an additive based on glyoxal to strengthen aluminosilicate (sandy and clay) soils of road bases and utilities. The developed composition on the basis of sand, saponite-containing material, glyoxal and fine bark, based on the studied mechanism of topochemical interaction between the components, can be considered as a model of soil-concrete based on a polymer-organic binder. The non-traditional binder is a system of mechanically activated bark – glyoxal, and the filler is a mixture of polymineral sand and saponite-containing material, characterized by quantitative variation of the latter and providing the creation of a model system of clay soil with a given number of plasticity. However, there is currently no assessment of the contribution of the main parameters of topochemical interaction to the structure-forming properties of the polymer-organic binder, and the influence of prescription and technological factors on the properties of the final composite is not determined. The purpose of the study presented in this paper was to test a scientifically based methodology for assessing the influence of chemical and physico-chemical factors on the structure formation of a polymer-organic binder, to identify the maximum possible synergistic effect and to determine the ranges of variation in the content of components. To characterize the influence of the chemical factor, the amount of glyoxal was chosen, expressed in terms of the ratio of the polarization component of the surface tension of the Cora-glyoxal system after completion of the polycondensation reaction, determined by the Ounce-Wendt-Rabel - Kjellble method to the initial concentration of glyoxal; for the physico-chemical factor, the number of active centers, expressed in terms of the specific surface area of the mechanoactivated bark. The compressive strength of the composite and its moisture resistance, characterized by a conditional softening coefficient, were chosen as structurally sensitive properties. The dependences of the influence of prescription and technological factors on the properties of the final composite are established. The compressive strength is most affected by the physical and chemical factor, and the moisture resistance is most affected by the chemical factor. The principles of controlling the processes of polymer-organic binder structure formation are developed. Obtaining soil concrete with the required strength characteristics should be carried out by controlling the specific surface area of the mechanically activated bark; and achieving a given degree of moisture resistance – by varying the concentration of glyoxal.

Yu.V. SOKOLOVA¹, Engineer (Assistant) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.M. AYZENSHTADT¹, Doctor of Sciences (Chemistry), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
E.V. KOROLEV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.A. CHIBISOV¹, Master student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (17, Severnaya Dvina Embankment, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation)
² St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, 2-nd Krasnoarmeyskaya Street, St. Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)

1. Murashova E.G., Kissel E.K. Engineering-geological properties of clayey soils. Regional aspects of the development of science and education in the field of architecture, construction, land planning and cadastres at the beginning of the III-rd millennium: Materials of the V-th International scientific and practical conference. Komsomolsk-on-Amur. 2018. pp. 157–160. (In Russian).
2. Osipov V.I., Karpenko F.S., Kalbergenov R.G., Kutergin V.N., Rumyantseva N.A. Rheological properties of the clay soils. Geoekologiya. Inzhenernaya Geologiya, Gidrogeologiya, Geokriologiya. 2017. No. 6, pp. 41–51. (In Russian).
3. Pourakbar S., Huat B. A review of alternatives traditional cementitious binders for engineering improvement of soils. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 2017. Vol. 11. No. 2, pp. 206–2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1207042
4. Rahgozar M., Saberian M., Li J. Soil stabilization with non-conventional eco-friendly agricultural waste materials: An experimental study. Transportation Geotechnics. 2018. Vol. 14, pp. 52–60. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2017.09.004
5. Firoozi A., Guney Olgun C., Firoozi A., Baghini M. Fundamentals of soil stabilization. International Journal of Geo-Engineering. 2017. Vol. 8. No. 26, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-017-0064-9
6. Hudaykulov R.M., Mirzayev T.L. The use of stabilizers to improve the strength of the soil foundation of roads. Transportnye Sooruzheniya. 2019. Vol. 6. No. 1, pp. 12. (In Russian). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15862/14SATS119
7. Lazorenko G.I. Technologies for stabilizing clay soils using nanomaterials. Inzhenernyi Vestnik Dona. 2018. No. 1 (48), pp. 107. (In Russian).
8. Bezrodnykh A.A., Nelyubova V.V., Strokova V.V., Belyaev A.V., Dmitrieva T.V. Terminological aspects of soils reinforcement. Engineering tasks: problems and solutions: Papers of the All-Russian (national) scientific-practical conference of the Higher School of Engineering in NArFU. Arkhangelsk. 2019, pp. 66–68. (In Russian).
9. Bezrodnykh A.A., Dmitrieva T.V. The use of soil concrete in road construction. Innovative materials and technologies in design: Abstracts of the V-th All-Russian scientific-practical conference with the participation of young people. St. Petersburg. 2019. pp. 84–85. (In Russian).
10. Trautvain A.I., Akimov A.E., Chernogil V.B. Study of physical and mechanical characteristics of various types of soil strengthened by clinker waste. Stroitel’nye Materialy i Izdeliya. 2018. Vol. 1. No. 3, pp. 43–50. (In Russian).
11. Dmitrieva T.V., Kucyna N.P., Bezrodnykh A.A., Strokova V.V., Markova I.Yu. Efficiency of reinforcement of technological soil by mineral modifiers. Vestnik Belgorodskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnologicheskogo Universiteta im. V.G. Shukhova. 2019. No. 7, pp. 14–23. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.34031/article_5d14bdcc8eca43.21244159
12. Gayda Yu.V., Ayzenshtadt A.M., Malkov V.S., Fomchenkov M.A. Organic mineral additive for strengthening sandy soils. Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel’stvo. 2015. No. 11, pp. 25–29. (In Russian).
13. Sokolova Yu.V., Ayzenshtadt A.M. Evaluation of dispersion interaction in aluminum silicate system under the influence of organic additive. Fizika i Khimiya Obrabotki Materialov. 2017. No. 4, pp. 83–88. (In Russian).
14. Sokolova Y.V., Ayzenshtadt A.M., Frolova M.A., Strokova V.V. Kinetic description of heterogeneous processes using surface tension as an information parameter. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019. Vol. 1400. Iss. 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1400/7/077054
15. Danilov V.E., Korolev E.V., Aizenshtadt A.M., Strokova V.V. Features of the calculation of free energy of the surface based on the model for interfacial interaction of Owens–Wendt–Rabel–Kaelble. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 11, pp. 66–72. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-776-11-66-72
16. Ariawan D., Mohd Ishak Z.A., Salim M.S., Mat Taib R., Ahmad Thirmizir M.Z. Wettability and interfacial characterization of alkaline treated kenaf fiber-unsaturated polyester composites fabricated by resin transfer molding. Polymer Composites. 2017. Vol. 38. Iss. 3, pp. 507–515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23609
17. Sun X., Mei C., French A.D., Wang Y., Wu Q. Surface wetting behavior of nanocellulose-based composite films. Cellulose. 2018. Vol. 25. No. 9, pp. 5071–5087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1927-8
18. Wang C., Xian Y., Smith L.M., Cheng H., Zhang S. Interfacial properties of bamboo fiber-reinforced high-density polyethylene composites by different methods for adding nano calcium carbonate. Polymers. 2017. Vol. 9. No. 11, pp. 587. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110587
19. Pokrovskaya E.N., Portnov F.A. Thermodynamic optimization of modifiers of the surface layer of wood. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’. 2017. Vol. 26. No. 5, pp. 29–36. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.18322/PVB.2017.26.05.29-36
20. Gusev B.V., Grishina A.N., Korolev E.V. Characteristics of the structure formation of gypsum binder modified with zinc hydrosilicates. Promyshlen-noe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel’stvo. 2020. No. 2, pp. 40–46. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2020.02.40-46
21. Gayda J.V., Ayzenshtadt A.M., Tutygin A.S., Frolova M.A. Organic-Mineral Aggregate for Sandy Subsoil Strengthening. The 3rd International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics: Procedia Engineering, Advances in Transportation Geotechnics 3. Guimaraes. 2016. Vol. 143, pp. 90–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.012

In construction and architecture, construction materials painted in various colors are actively used to provide aesthetic design solutions. To assess the content and quality of pigments in colored cements, it is proposed to use the colorometric parameters of cement samples obtained using the RGB color system with the help of mobile color-recording devices-smartphones. The technical and some metrological characteristics of the digital colorometric method for monitoring the content of red and brown mineral, yellow and pink organic pigments in white Portland cement are determined. To level out possible errors in determining the chromaticity parameters of the analyzed sample related to lighting and technical characteristics of the color recording device, it is proposed to use relative values of the intensity values of the chromaticity components R, G and B, rather than absolute values. BaSO₄ powder was chosen as a reference sample (standard of whiteness). It was found that the dependences of the relative color parameters of cement samples on the content of pigments in them, as a rule, are well described by semi-logarithmic anamorphoses for all three components R, G and B, the approximation confidence value R²≥0.95

O.V. CHERNOUSOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
O.B. RUDAKOV, Doctor of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
S.O. SADYKOV, Senior lecturer, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Voronezh state technical university (84, 20-letiya Octyabrya Street, Voronezh, 394006, Russian Federation)

1. Hospodarova V., Junak J., Stevulova N. Color pigments in concrete and their properties. Pollack Periodica. 2015. Vol. 10. No. 3, pp. 143–151. DOI: 10.1556/606.2015.10.3.15
2. Pecur I., Juradin S., Duvnjak M., Lovric T. Influence of pigments on concrete properties. Beton-Technologie, Konstrukce, Sanace. 2009. Vol. 6, pp. 66–69.
3. Uysal M. The use of waste maroon marble powder and iron oxide pigment in the production of coloured self-compacting concrete. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2018. Vol. 2018. DOI: 10.1155/2018/8093576.
4. Yıldızel S.A., Kaplan G., Öztürk A.U. Cost optimization of mortars containing different pigments and their freeze-thaw resistance properties. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2016. Vol. 2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/5346213.
5. Bruce S.M., Rowe G.H. The influence of pigments on mix designs for block paving units. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Concrete Block Paving. Auckland, New Zealand. 1992. Vol. 2, pp. 117–124.
6. Lee H.S., Lee J.Y., Yu M.Y. Influence of iron oxide pigments on the properties of concrete interlocking blocks. Cement and Concrete Research. 2003. Vol. 33. No. 11, pp. 1889–1896. DOI: 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00209-6
7. Sutan N.M., Sinin H. Efflorescence Phenomenon on Concrete Structures. Advanced Materials Research. Trans. Tech. Publications Ltd. 2013. Vol. 626, pp. 747–750. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.626.747
8. Nenadović S.S., Mucsi G., Kljajević L.M., Mirković M.M., Nenadović M.T., Kristaly F., Vukanac, I.S. Physicochemical, mineralogical and radiological properties of red mud samples as secondary raw materials. Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection. 2017. Vol. 32. No. 3, pp. 261–266. DOI: 10.2298/NTRP1703261N
9. Sadasivam S., Thomas H.R. Colour and toxic characteristics of metakaolinite–hematite pigment for integrally coloured concrete, prepared from iron oxide recovered from a water treatment plant of an abandoned coal mine. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 2016. Vol. 239, pp. 246–250. DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2016.05.003
10. Rajadurai R.S., Lee J.H. High temperature sensing and detection for cementitious materials using manganese violet pigment. Materials. 2020. Vol. 13. No. 4, pp. 993. DOI: 10.3390/ma13040993
11. Rudakov O.B., Khorokhordina E.A., Usachev S.M., Khorokhordin A.M. Digital colorimetric control of mineral additives in cement. Himiya, Fizika i Mekhanika Materialov. 2017. No. 2, pp. 3–13. (In Russian).
12. Rudakov O.B., Khorokhordina E.A., Groshev E.N., Tran Hai Dang, Selivanova E.B. Digital colorimetric control quality of construction materials. Nauchnyj vestnik VGASU. Seriya: Fiziko-Khimicheskie Problemy i Vysokie Tekhnologii Stroitel’nogo Materialovedeniya. 2013. No. 7, pp. 104–120 (In Russian).
13. Bakhmetyev K.A., Gridiaev V.E., Stepanov D.E., Rudakov O.B. Digital colorometry of cements using mobile devices. Khimiya. Fizika i Mekhanika Materialov. 2018. No. 2 (17), pp. 110–120 (In Russian).
14. Rudakov O.B., Chernousova O.V., Vostrikova T.O., Usachev S.M. Colorimetric control of cements by mobile devices. Khimiya, Fizika i Mekhanika Materialov. 2019. No. 3 (22), pp. 35–48 (In Russian).
15. Chernousova O.V., Cherepakhina R.G., Sadykov S.O., Rudakov O.B. Digital colorimetry of bulk and polymeric materials. Inzhenernyye Sistemy i Sooruzheniya. 2020. No. 1 (38), pp. 37–45. (In Russian).
16. Kulhavý P., Kaniová E., Fliegel V., Vik M. Laboratory analysis of the main properties and a color stability of a coating layers under the UV loading. In MATEC Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences. 2017. Vol. 89. 01008. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20178901008.
17. Rudakov O.B., Khorokhordina E.A., Chan Hai Dang. Thin-layer chromatography and colorimetry for control of phenol index of finishing building materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2014. No. 6, pp. 66–70. (In Russian).
18. Ivanov V.M., Monogarova O.V., Oskolok K.V. Capabilities and prospects of the development of a chromaticity method in analytical chemistry. Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii. 2015. Vol. 70. No. 10, pp. 1165–1178. (In Russian). DOI: 10.7868/S0044450215100114.
19. Apiary V.V., Gorbunova M.V., Isachenko A.I., Dmitrienko S.G., Zolotov Y.A. Use of household color-recording devices in quantitative chemical analysis. Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii. 2017. Vol. 72. No. 11. pp. 963–977. (In Russian). DOI: 10.7868/S0044450217110019
20. Chernousova O.V., Rudakov O.B. Digital images in analytical chemistry for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Khimiya, Fizika i Mekhanika Materialov. 2019. No. 2, pp. 55–125. (In Russian).
21. Rudakov O.B., Chernousova O.V., Cherepakhina R.G., Rudakov Ya.O. Colorimetric determination of mineral impurities in cements using mobile devices. Analitika i Kontrol’. 2020. No. 2, pp. 114–123. (In Russian). DOI: 10.15826/analitika.2020.24.2.003
22. Rudakova L.V., Rudakov O.B. Informacionnye tehnologii v analiticheskom kontrole biologicheski aktivnyh veshhestv [Information technologies for analytical control of biologically active substances] S.-Peterburg: Lan’. 2015. 468 p.
23. Lyutov V.P., Chetverkin P.A., Golovastikov G.Yu. Tsvetovedenie i osnoyi kolorimetri: uchebnik I praktikum dlya akademicheskogo bakalavriata [Color science and bases of colorimetry: a textbook and a practical work for academic baccalaureate]. Moscow: Yurayt Publishing. 2018. 158 p.

Environmental regulation of cement production sector is analyzed. It is emphasized that both in Russia and in the leading world economies, this sector is regulated by laws based on the Best Available Techniques, and in some countries – by the carbon legislation. Based on the results of a case study, it is demonstrated that the use of secondary resources (slug) in the technological process provides for forming circular economy links between the industrial installations, as well as for the resource efficiency enhancement and negative environmental impact reduction. Such solutions comply with the requirements of Best Available Techniques. Partial replacement of raw materials with secondary resources allows for energy consumption reduction by 1.5 while simultaneously halving lime consumption. Such cement should be considered as environmentally friendly, “green”, while the production process itself should be regarded as responsible, proving for the sustainable links between industrial enterprises in the industrial environmental system. The demand for the products manufactured from secondary resources need to be stimulated, for example by means of “green” public procurement for the purposes of the infrastructure projects.

E.N. POTAPOVA¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
T.V. GUSEVA², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
I.O. TIKHONOVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.S. KANISHEV³, Chief Environmental Protection Officer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
R.G. KEMP⁴, Managing Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (9, Miusskaya Square, Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation)
² Research Institute “Environmental Industrial Policy Centre” (42, Olimpiyskiy Avenue, Mytishchi, 141006 Russian Federation)
³ South Ural Mining and Processing Company LLC (5, Zapad street (5 TER.), Novotroitsk, 462360, Russian Federation)
⁴ Honeygate Consultants (UPM) Limited (6, Canterbury Avenue, Upminster, RM14 3LD, UK)

1. Information technical reference book on the best available techniques ITS 6-2015 “Cement production”. Moscow: Standartinform. 2015. 293 p. http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200128666 (Date of access 22.06.2020). (In Russian).
2. Best Available Techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide. Seville: publications office of the European union. 2013. 475 p. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/reference-reports/best-available-techniques-bat-reference-document-production-cement-lime-and-magnesium-oxide DOI: 10.2788/12850 (Date of access 22.06.2020).
3. Valderrama C., Granados R., Cortina J. L., Gasol C. M., Guillem M., Josa A. Implementation of best available techniques in cement manufacturing: a life-cycle assessment study. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2012. Vol. 25. No. 4, pp. 60–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.11.055
4. Guseva T.V., Potapova E.N., Tikhonova I.O. Transfer to BAT-related regulation: perspective and challenges for cement producers. Tsement i ego primenenie. 2018. No. 6, pp. 34–38. (In Russian).
5. Guseva T.V., Zakharov A.I., Molchanova Ya.P., Vartanian М.А., Akberov А.А. The best accessible technologies of ceramic building materials production as an instrument of ecological regulation of the industry. To the publication of the industry information-technical reference guide «Manufacture of Ceramic Products» ITS 4. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 4, pp. 4–9. (In Russian).
6. Andrew R.M. Global CO₂ emissions from cement production. Earth System Science Data. 2018. No. 10, pp. 195–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-195-2018.
7. Tikhonova I., Guseva T., Potapova E. Cement production in Russia: best available techniques and opportunities for using alternative fuels. Proceedings of the 19th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM. 2019. Vol. 19. Iss. 5.1, pp. 71–80. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2019/5.1/S20.009.
8. Guseva T., Vartanyan M., Tikhonova I., Shchelchkov K. Setting energy efficiency enhancement objectives for Russian energy intensive industries. Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management. 2019. Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 619–628.
9. Baidy R., Ghosh S.K., V. Parlikar U. Co-processing of industrial waste in cement kiln – a robust system for material and energy recovery. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2016. Vol. 31, pp. 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.041
10. Irungu S.N., Muchiri P., Byiringiro J.B. The generation of power from a cement kiln waste gas: a case study of a plant in Kenya. Energy Science and Engineering. 2017. Vol. 5(2), pp. 90–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.153
11. Scrivenera K.L., John V.M., Gartner E.M. Eco-efficient cements: potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO₂ cement-based materials industry. Cement and Concrete Research. 2018. Vol. 114, pp. 2–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.015.
12. Provis J.L., Juenger M., Komljenovic M. (Eds). Innovation in cements for sustainability. 2020. Lausanne: Frontiers Media SA. 119 p. doi: 10.3389/978-2-88963-346-3
13. Potapova E.N., Volosatova М.А. Cement production. Encylopaedia of technologies. Evolution and comparative analysis of resource efficiency of industrial technologies / Ed. by Skobelev D.О. Мoscow-Saint Petersburg: Renome, 2019, pp. 455–514. (In Russian).
14. Sivkov S.P. Perspective cement types: what will be used instead of Portland cement. Mezhdunarodnoe Analiticheskoe Obozrenie Alitinform: Tsement. Beton. Sukhie Smesi. 2017. Vol. 48. No. 4–5, pp. 40–48. (In Russian).
15. Skobelev D.O. Environmental industrial policy: main trends and establishment principles in Russia. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 6: Ekonomika. 2019. No. 4, pp. 78–94. (In Russian).
16. Skobelev D.O. Resource efficiency of an economy: aspects for strategic planning. Menedzhment v Rossii i za Rubezhom. 2020. No. 4, pp. 37–42. (In Russian).
17. Voluntary national review for achieving sustainable development goals // Official website of the Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation https://ac.gov.ru/projects/project/dobrovolnyj-nacionalnyj-obzor-dostizenia-celej-ustojcivogo-razvitia-10 (Date of access 22.06.2020). (In Russian).
18. Dil’din A.N., Тrofimov Е.А., Tchumanov I.V. Improving deep processing methods for steelmaking waste. Part 1. Thermodynamic analysis. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya. 2017. Vol. 60. No. 1, pp. 5–12. (In Russian).
19. Morozov K.M., Il’ina I.S., Shilovsky V.A., Dergunov S.A. New horizons of cement production. Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel’stvo.2017. No. 11, pp. 77–80. (In Russian).

The article addresses the possibility of using in modern construction concrete rubble formed from demolition of buildings and marriage in the production of reinforced concrete products. The possibility of using crushed concrete waste as a large aggregate to improve the physical and mechanical properties of concrete has been experimentally confirmed. It has been shown that the replacement of natural gravel in the composition of concrete with secondary allows increasing its strength by 12%. An important role in the composition is played by the adhesive addition Silor Ultra T, which, in the process of solidification, equalizes the negative consequences of the increased content of dust particles in concrete received with the introduction of secondary gravel, intensifying hydration processes for a long period. Thus, studies have concluded that the properties of secondary gravel obtained from concrete rubble comply with the requirements of regulatory documents for aggregate for heavy concrete. Concrete composition of classes B25–B30 based on the secondary gravel from the concrete rubble formed at the demolition of the object of the house of Yakutsk with strength of 36,34 MPa and 39,42 MPa have been developed, which suggests the possibility of using secondary crushed stone in construction, thereby reducing the consumption of expensive natural stone materials.

A.S. SIDOROVA, Engineer (Postgraduate student)(This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
S.G. ANTSUPOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
A.L. POPOV, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

North-Eastern Federal University (50, Kulakovskogo Street, Yakutsk, 677000, Russian Federation)

1. Garkina I.A., Danilov A.M., Korolev E.V. Evolution of representations about composite materials from the positions of changing the paradigm. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 1–2, pp. 60–62. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-756-1-2-60-62
2. Smirnov V.A., Korolev E.V. Building materials as disperse systems: multiscale modeling with dedicated software. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 1–2, pp. 43–53. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-767-1-2-43-53
3. Alaskhanov A.K., Murtazaeva T.S., Saidumov M.S., Omarov A.O. Development of compositions of filled insulators based on secondary raw for monolithic high-strength concrete. Vestnik Dagestanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnicheskogo Universiteta. Tekhnicheskie nauki. 2019. Vol. 46. No. 3, pp. 129–138. (In Russian).
4. Murtazaev S.A.-Y., Omarov A.O., Salamanova M.S. High-strength concrete based on the use of secondary technogenic resources. Vestnik Dagestanskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tekhnicheskogo Universiteta. Tekhnicheskie Nauki. 2018. Vol. 45. No. 1, pp. 204–213. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2018-45-1-204-213
5. Saidumov M.S., Murtazaev S.A.-Y., Alaskhanov A.Kh., Dagin I.S., Nakhaev M.R. Man-made waste as a raw material base for the production of modern construction composites. Ekologia i Promyshlennost Rossii. 2019. Vol. 23. No. 7, pp. 31–35. (In Russian).DOI: https://doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-7-31-35
6. Belov V.V., Abramov D.G. Assessment of the influence of mineral wool production waste on the mechanical properties of concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy, Oborudovanie, Tekhnologii XXI veka. 2019. No. 5–6 (244–245), pp. 33–36. (In Russian).
7. Vdovin A.A., Yakovlev G.I., Zorin A.N., Pervushin G.N. Complex industrial wastes based admixture for improved properties of fine-grained concrete. Solid State Phenomena. 2018. Vol. 276, pp. 103–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.276.103
8. Goncharova M.A., Borkov P.V., Al-Surraivi Hamid Galib Hussain. Recycling of large-capacity concrete and reinforced concrete waste in the context of realization of full life cycle contracts. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 12, pp. 51–57. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-777-12-52-57
9. Zyryanova V.N., Berdov G.I., Vereshchagin V.I., Lytkina E.V., Ochur-ool A.P. Serpentinite magnesial binding substances on the basis of technogenic raw materials. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Stroitel’stvo. 2019. No. 9 (729), pp. 43–51. (In Russian). DOI: 10.32683/0536-1052-2019-729-9-43-51
10. Klyuev S.V., Khezhev T.A., Pukharenko Yu.V., Klyuev A.V. The fiber-reinforced concrete constructions experimental research. Materials Science Forum. 2018. Vol. 931, pp. 598–602. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.931.598
11. Krasinikova N.M., Kirillova E.V., Khozin V.G. Reuse of concrete waste as input products for cement concretes. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 1–2, pp. 56–65. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-778-1-2-56-65
12. Krivenko P., Kovalchuk O., Pasko A. Utilization of industrial waste water treatment residues in alkali activated cement and concretes. Key Engineering Materials. 2018. Vol. 761 KEM, pp. 35–38. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.761.35
13. Leonovich S.N., Sviridov D.V., Belanovich A.L., Karpushenkova L.S., Karpushenkov S.A. Porous ceramic material based on clay and waste of production of granite rubble. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 5, pp. 45–50. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-770-5-45-50
14. Magsumov A.N., Sharipyanov N.M. Use of concrete scrap as coarse aggregate for concrete mix production. Simvol Nauki. 2018. No. 6, pp. 29–33. (In Russian).
15. Makeev A.I., Chernyshov E.M. Granite crushing screenings as a component factor of concrete structure formation. Part 1. Problem definition. Identification of screenings as a component factor of structure formation. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 56–60. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-758-4-56-60
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The article deals with the use of powdered additives obtained from the production waste of silicate bricks and aerated concrete. The content of 75.5% quartz in the composition of silicate bricks makes it possible to use it in a ground form as an analog of ground sand with the addition of hydrosilicates in the production of silicate bricks and aerated concrete. The influence of the addition of ground bricks on the setting time and strength characteristics of the cement- sand mortar was studied. The issue of introducing an additive when grinding sand is considered, the effect of the additive on sand sludge and its rheological properties is established. The technological scheme of introducing the additive when preparing the sand sludge is given. A complex additive based on ground brick, plasticizer and gypsum stone was prepared with the solution of the issues of mobility, lime slaking time and strength. The efficiency of the additive for cement-sand mortat for different types of heat treatment is determined. The effectiveness of the additive at autoclave processing was established. The data of the study of a complex additive in the composition of a gas-concrete mixture are presented. It was found that the additive is effective for obtaining aerated concrete when using quick-slaking lime.

G.V. KUZNETSOVA, Engineer
N.N. MOROZOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, 420043, Russian Federation)

1. Kuznetsova G.V., Shinkarev A.A., Morozova N.N., Gazimov A.Z. Additives for direct technology of silicate Brick Production. Stroitel’nye Мaterialy. [Construction Materials ]. 2018. No. 9, pp.12–16. (In Russian).
2. Laukajtis A.A. Investigetion of effect of ground waste cellular concrete additives on its properties.Stroitel’nye Мaterialy [Construction Materials]. 2004. No. 3, pp. 33–34. (In Russian).
3. Kuznecova G.V., Morozova N.N., Potapova L.I., Klokov V.V Complex additive for autoclave concrete. Stroitel’nye Мaterialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 5, pp. 36–39. (In Russian).
4. Kuznecova G.V., Morozova N.N., Yusupov I.D. Investigation of effect of dispersal additives on the properties of autoclave concrete. Stroitel’nye Мaterialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 20–23. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-759-5-20-23
5. Leont’ev S.V., Kurzanov K.D., Shamanov V.A., Golubev V.A. Investigation of effect of plastic additives on the process stabilizing the cell structure of the insulation concrete of autoclave solidation. Fundamental’nye Issledovaniya. 2015. No. 11–3, pp. 474–479. (In Russian).
6. Bedarev A.A. Influence of plastic supplements on the temperature and viscous-plastic properties of silicate mixture for the production of gas silicate. Izvestiya KGASU. 2013. No. 2(24), pp. 208–213. (In Russian).

This work is a continuation of the article [1], which described the properties of dry mixes on the basis of nano-modified cement (NMC) and fiberglass materials. The concept of a fibrous NMC-stone, as a composite material, was introduced. Recommendations were given about the size of the fibers of the reinforcing material. The effect of absence of corrosion of vitreous materials in NMC-stone was explained. This article presents a method for producing a dry mix by two-stage grinding of cement and vitreous material. The results of long-term experiments and unique properties of the new material are presented. It is shown that a material has actually been created – NMFC (nano-modified fiber cement), which is characterized by increased tensile strength when bending, i.e. less brittle, and this is done against the background of the overall increased compressive strength characteristic of NMC, a variety of which is NMFC.

B.E. YUDOVICH¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
A.I. ZVEZDOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (zvezdov@)list.ru);
Kh.A. DZHANTIMIROV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ “Intechstrom” JSC (24, Territory Production Zone, Skoropuskovsky Village, Sergievo-Posadsky District, Moscow Region, 141364, Russian Federation)
² Research Center of Construction, JSC (6, bldg.1, 2nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow, 109428, Russian Federation)
³ Research Institute of Bases and Underground Structures (NIIOSP) named after N.M. Gersevanov (59, Ryazanskiy Avenue, Moscow, 109428, Russian Federation)

1. Yudovich B.E., Zvezdov A.I., Dzhantimirov Kh.A. Dry mixtures on the basis of nano-modified cement. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 7, pp. 57–60. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-772-7-57-60
2. Ioudovitch B.E., Zvezdov A.I., Dzhantimirov Kh.A., Zoubekhin S.A. Mineralnaya armatura v nanomodifitsirovannoj portlandtsementnoj matritse. Beton i Zhelezobeton. 2016. No. 3, pp. 9–12. (In Russian).
3. Patent RF 2595284 Voloknistij nanotsement i sposob ego izgotovleniya [Fibrous nanocement and method of its manufacture]. Ioudovitch B.E., Zoubekhin S.A., Dzhantimirov Kh.A. Published 27.08.2016. (In Russian).
4. Ioudovitch B.E., Zoubekhin S.A. Cements with low water demand and Portland cement with a dense contact zone. Alitinform. 2010. No. 3, pp. 20–23; No. 4, pp. 22–26. (In Russian).
5. Addison P.S. et al. Fractal Cracking of concrete: parameterization of spatial diffusion. Journal of Enginee-ring Mechanic. 1999. Vol. 125. No. 6, pp. 622–629.
6. Mosolov A.B. and others. Self-similarity and fractal geometry of destruction. Problemi prochnosti. 1988. No. 1, pp. 3–7. (In Russian).
7. Ioudovitch B.E. Designing the granulometric composition of high-strength cements. Trudy NIITsementa. 1992, pp. 266–279.
8. Rabinovich F.N. Kompozity na osnove dispersno armirovannyh betonov [Dispersed reinforced concrete composites]. Moscow: ASV. 2012. 640 p.

The development of territories, especially urban areas, is always associated with the construction of buildings made of reliable and durable materials. Buildings built several thousand years ago have survived to our time, and they can be used to estimate ancient civilizations. In the new settlements, buildings made of strong and durable materials created a center around which the city developed and sprawled. In the history of human development, ceramic bricks have become a universal building material. Thus, the organization of brick production served the rapid and successful development of the urban environment. In the South of Russia, the prosperity of urban settlements is also associated with the development of brick production. The features of the formation of brick production in the Armenian settlements of the South of Russia are covered. The settlement of the Don lands by Armenians took place at the end of the XVIII century, when thousands of Armenians were resettled from the Crimea to the Azov region by the Decree of Catherine II. In 1779, they founded the city of Nakhichevan, later united with Rostov-on-Don, and five villages that are currently located in the Myasnikovsky District of the Rostov Region. Arriving on practically unsettled lands, the settlers turned the Southern Don into a developed agricultural area, engaged in trade, and created small and large enterprises, due to the development of the brick industry, which is the engine for progress. Information on brick factories in the city of Nakhichevan is provided. The belonging of old bricks to various manufacturers can be judged by the stamps, photos of which are given in the article.

B.V. TALPA, Candidate of Sciences (Geology and Mineralogy) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.E. OVSEPYAN, Candidate of Science (Geography) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Southern federal university (40, Zorge Street, Rostov-on-Don, 344103, Russian Federation)

1. Malkhasian A.G. Stranitsy istorii aniiskikh, krymskikh i donskikh armian [Pages of the history of the Ani, Crimean, and Don Armenians]. Rostov-on-Don: Pervaia tipografia ARO. 2010. 112 р.
2. Pallas P.S. Nablyudeniya, sdelannye vo vremya puteshestviya po yuzhnym namestnichestvam Russkogo gosudarstva [Observations made during a trip along the southern governorships of the Russian state]. Moscow: Nauka. 1999. 246 p.
3. Smirnov V.V. Nakhichevan young: through the eyes of guests. URL: http://ростовгород.рф/14-rajony-goroda/5422-nakhichevan-molodaya-glazami-gostej (Date of access 10.03.2020). (In Russian)
4. Smirnov V.V. Nakhichevan’-na-Donu. Etyudy staroi istorii: Vremya i lyudi [Nakhichevan-on-Don. Studies of old history: Time and people]. Rostov na-Donu: Kniga. 2010. 240 p.
5. Baeva O.V., Ivanova-Ilyicheva A.M. (2018). The cultural and historical context behind the formation of the architectural image of Nakhichevan-on-Don (Late 18th — Early 20th Centuries). Izvestia. Ural Federal University Journal. Series 2: Humanities and Arts. 2018. Vol. 20. No. 3 (178), pp. 228–243. (In Russian) DOI: 10.15826/izv2.2018.20.3.058
6. Evlin Ordoukhanian. Stone and brick work churches composition and structural features (2019) Key Engineering Materials 828:58-62 DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.828.58
7. Kirakosyan L., Ordoukhanyan E. Fortification Brickwork Architecture of Yerevan (2018) Architecture. Yerevan, pp. 37–45.
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12. Vsya Donskaya oblast’ i Severnyi Kavkaz na 1901 god. Sost. D.S. Neifel’d [The entire Don region and the North Caucasus in 1901. Comp. D.S. Neifeld]. Rostov-on-Don. 1901. 102 p. URL: http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/20625 (Date of access 10.03.2020)
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14. Vsya Donskaya oblast’ i Severnyi Kavkaz: [Uchrezhdeniya i dolzhnostnye litsa. Promyshlennye i torgovye predpriyatiya]. [The entire Don region and the North Caucasus: [Institutions and officials. Industrial and commercial enterprises]. Rostov n/D. 1899–1911.
15. O kompanii Chaltyrskii kirpichnyi zavod. Rostov-na-Donu [About company Chaltyrsky brick factory in Rostov-on-Don] URL: https://chaltkirpich.pulscen.ru/about (Date of access 10.03.2020).
16. Hatlamadzhiyan A.S. Armenian settlements on the Don – forgotten places [Armyanskie poseleniya na Donu – zabytye ugolki]. Armyane YUga Rossii: istoriya, kul’tura, obshchee budushchee: materialy III Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii – Rostov-on-Don: YUNC RAN, 2018, pp. 205–208.

The generalized research results and principles of calculating ceramic masses for producing clinker tiles based on mudstones are presented. It is noted that mudstones have low air shrinkage and sensitivity to drying, are easily fusible sintering raw materials with high strength of the calcined material, but they have insufficient ductility and cohesion for the production of tiles by the traditional method of molding – stamping. The task in the selection of compositions of ceramic masses is to increase the ductility and connectivity of mudstones while maintaining the other positive properties of mudstones. To do this, the authors applied a comprehensive approach to calculating the composition of ceramic masses by chemical and mineralogical indicators and grain composition, and as a correcting component for mudstones, based on reasonable criteria, the authors proposed to use siliceous clays, which are technological in their properties the opposite of mudstones. In the chemical-mineralogical aspect, the Al₂O₃/SiO₂ ratio and the oxide content were taken into account: Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, K₂O and Na₂O, which was proposed by A.I. Augustinian. When calculating the grain composition to obtain the densest package, taking into account the grain composition of prepared mudstones and the natural dispersion of siliceous clays, they were based on the content of fractions: more than 0.01 mm, 0.01–0.001 mm and less than 0.001 mm. Moreover, the optimum content of siliceous clays in the masses is about 15%. Theoretical calculations were supported by practical results. The combined use of mudstones and siliceous clays in the calculated proportions made it possible to achieve a synergistic effect and to obtain clinker tiles with improved physical and mechanical properties.

Ya.V. LAZAREVA, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.V. KOTLYAR, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don State Technical University (1, Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344000, Russian Federation)

1. Lazareva Ya.V., Kotlyar V.D., Lapunova K.A., Eremenko G.N. The main directions of development of design and technology for the production of ceramic tiles. Dizajn. Materialy. Tehnologija. 2016. No. 3 (43), pp. 78–82. (In Russian).
2. Kotlyar V.D., Kozlov A.V., Kotlyar A.V., Terekhina Yu.V. Argillite-like clays of the South of Russia – promising raw materials for the production of clinker bricks // Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2014. No. 7–3, pp. 847–850. (In Russian).
3. Lazareva Y., Kotlyar A., Orlova M., Lapunova K. Water permeability of argillite-based ceramic tiles. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018, pp. 04072.
4. Kotlyar A.V., Lapunova K.A., Lazareva Y.V., Orlova M.E. Effect of argillites reduction on ceramic tile and paving clinker of low-temperature sintering. Materials Science Forum. 2018. Vol. 931 MSF, pp. 526–531.
5. Augustinik A.I. Keramika [Ceramics]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat. 1975. 592 p.
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7. Akst D.V., Stolboushkin A.Yu. Determination of the optimal composition of the mixture to obtain decorative ceramic bricks with manganese-containing waste. Efficient materials and technologies for transport and agricultural construction. National scientific and technical conference with international participation. Novosibirsk: NGA. 2020, pp. 6–10. (In Russian).
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12. Lapunova K.A., Lazareva Y.V., Bozhko Yu.A., Orlova M.E. Phase transformations during firing siliceous clays. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 4, pp. 8–11. (In Russian).
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