The results of experimental and theoretical studies of fiber reinforced concretes are presented. The purpose of the research was to establish physical and mechanical properties of self-compacting, carcass concrete and fiber reinforced concrete. When performing the research, white cement was used as a binder. As a reactive additive was used white carbon black BS-100. Plasticizing of the system was carried out by polycarboxylate SP. To increase the volume of dispersed phase, the combined filler from rheologically active fine ground rocks was used, namely: quartz flour R-6, and microcalcite RM-5. To form the filled structure of the composite we also used fine sand PB-150, and at the first stage steel microfiber “BMZ” and glass fiber «Antikrek sp» were used as dispersed reinforcement. Dispersed reinforcement with glass fiber 0,15 mm diameter and 18 mm long, with volume reinforcement of 0,8% increased the composite compressive strength by 13,4%, flexural tensile strength by 12,8%. Dispersed reinforcement with metal fiber of 0,15 mm diameter and 15 mm length, at volume reinforcement of 4,2% contributed to increase the compressive strength by 46,5%, flexural tensile strength by 186,6%. Further increase in the strength of fiber concretes is possible by strengthening the anchorage of fibers in the matrix. Therefore, at the second stage, the influence of different types of metal fibres, differing in shape and type of anchor, on the properties of dispersed-reinforced concrete was established. An increase in flexural and compressive strength from the introduction of dispersed reinforcement of “Spring”, “Wave” and “Dramix” types is shown. The assumption of efficiency from application of fiber of “dumbbell-like” form in modern reaction-powder composites, and also manufacturing of materials with application of frame technology, consisting at first in formation of a frame from glued grains of large aggregate and then in impregnation of its empty matrix component, is put forward. Comparison of calculated and actual strength of fiber concretes is carried out

V.T. EROFEEV¹, Academician of RAASN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
O.V. TARAKANOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
S.V. ANANYEV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.V. LESNOV⁴, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
I.V. EROFEEVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
Ya.A. SANYAGINA⁵, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
N.S. SIDOROV³, Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
Y.S. ANANYEVA³, Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² Penza State University of Architecture and Construction (28, Germana Titova Street, Penza, 440028, Russian Federation)
³ Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletov (87, Gorkogo Street, Vladimir, 600000, Russian Federation)
⁴ National Research Mordovian State University named after N.P. Ogarev (68, Bolshevistskaya Street, Saransk, 430005, Russian Federation)
⁵ Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of RAACS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

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The advantage of frame buildings of socio-cultural purpose for the implementation of any social and commercial projects is noted. Proposals have been formulated to create a unified system of technical documentation that can be used by any designers, manufacturers of precast concrete and builders themselves for the entire construction complex of Russia. The main solutions of the RCD system (frame-link frame with diaphragms) are shown, examples of practical application of the RCD system are given. It is noted that the construction of buildings made of precast reinforced concrete, compared with monolithic construction, reduces the cost of construction by at least 20%; reduces construction time by more than half; reduces rebar consumption by at least 20%; reduces concrete consumption by at least 30%.

O.V. FOTIN, Сhief Designer of RKD System (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

OOO «VSKB named after A.A. Yakushev» (16, Off. 3, Yadrintseva Street, Irkutsk, 664009, Russian Federation)

1. Nikolaev S.V. Construction of panel-monolithic houses from factory-made house kits. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 10, pp. 10–16. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-10-10-16
2. Nikolaev S.V. Construction of low-rise housing from house sets of factory production. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 5, pp. 3–8. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-5-3-8
3. Fotin O.V. The system of RCD «Irkutsk frame» of multi-storey buildings and structures. Seismicheskoe stroitel’stvo. Bezopasnost’ sooruzhenii. 2016. No. 1, pp. 44–50. (In Russian).
4. Rumyantsev E.V. The trends in prefabricated high rise housing construction: world and domestic experience. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 3, pp. 13–27. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-3-13-27
5. Krasinikova N.M., Nekrasov A.B., Minnihanova A.I. Positive aspects of the national project on labor productivity on the example of the Kazan DSK. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 5, pp. 19–21. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-5-19-21
6. Fotin O.V. Construction of multi-storey buildings from precast reinforced concrete. Zhilishnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 10, pp. 19–22. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi. org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-10-19-22
7. Fotin O.V. Construction of precast reinforced concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 4, pp. 32–34. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-812-4-32-34
8. Sokolov N.S., Sokolov S.N., Sokolov A.N. The practice of construction in particularly cramped conditions. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 9, pp. 41–47. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi. org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-9-41-4
9. Krasinikova N.M., Antyshev D.G., Fathutdinov A.R., Kalmykov D.A., Nekrasov A.B. A new approach to warehousing finished products at precast concrete plants. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 4, pp. 7–9. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-812-4-7-9
10. Shembakov V.A. Innovation industrial technology of precast-monolithic frame developed by GC “Rekon-SMK” and used 20 years at the RF market. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 3, pp. 33–38. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-3-33-38
11. Sokolov N. S., Viktorova S.S., Fedorova T.G. Piles of increased bearing capacity. New in architecture, design of building structures and reconstruction: Materials of the VIII All-Russian (II International) Conference. Cheboksary. 2014, pp. 411–415. (In Russian).
12. Rumyantsev E.V., Shvetsova V.A. Development of a system for monitoring the hardening of prefabricated reinforced concrete joints at negative temperatures. Tekhnika i tekhnologiya silikatov. 2022. Vol. 29. No. 1, pp. 4–15. (In Russian).
13. Dubynin N.V. From large-panel housing construction of the twentieth century. to the system of panel-frame housing construction of the XXI century. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 10, pp. 12–19. (In Russian).
14. Nikolaev S.V., Schreiber A.K., Etenko V.P. Panelframe housing construction – a new stage in the development of large-panel construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 2. C. 3–7. (In Russian).

The main requirements for modern housing are accessibility, quality and aesthetics. In construction, new requirements arise for the technology of manufacturing structures: a free layout with a ceiling height of 2.7 m or more; column pitch of 6 m or more; ceiling height of the first floor up to 8 m; a high degree of factory readiness and architectural aesthetics of the exterior walls. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure a reduction in the weight of structures per 1 m² of building area and an increase in installation speed. All these requirements can be fulfilled by the Recon technology, known in the practice of the construction industry in Russia and neighboring countries, which produces pre-stressed floor slabs up to 7.65 m long and unstressed floor slabs up to 7.2 m or more; efficiency structures, internal walls (IW) and external walls (EW) on universal stands 3.6; 4; 5.2 m х 60, 90, 120, 128 m in automatic mode, starting with laying concrete using targeted feeding, automatic vibration of the stand surface, grout of the upper surface and automatic heating of the stand. It is important to note that during the hydration of cement stone, the concrete laid on a universal stand does not move either horizontally or vertically, thereby ensuring high quality and density of the product.

V.A. SHEMBAKOV, Head of GK “REKON-SMK”, General Director of ZAO “Rekon”, RF Honored Builder,Head of the Author ‘s Team for the development and implementation of SMK technology (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

ZAO “Rekon” (20a, Dorozhny Proezd, Cheboksary, 428003, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)

1. Nikolaev S.V. Construction of panel-monolithic houses from factory-made house kits. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 10, pp. 10–16. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-10-10-16
2. Sokolov B.S., Zenin S.A. Analysis of the regulatory base for designing reinforced concrete structures. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 3, pp. 4–12. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-768-3-4-10
3. Nikolaev S.V. Two-layer factory-made exterior panel for low-rise housing construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 3, pp. 3–10. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-3-3-10
4. Rumyantsev E.V. The trends in prefabricated high rise housing construction: world and domestic experience. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 3, pp. 13–27. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-3-13-27
5. Mikheev D.V., Guryev V.V., Dmitriev A.N., Bachurina S.S., Yakhkind S.I. Development of industrial civil engineering and standard design at the present stage. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 7, pp. 41–52. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-7-41-52
6. Shembakov V.A. Innovation industrial technology of precast-monolithic frame developed by GC “Rekon-SMK” and used 20 years at the RF market. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 3, pp. 33–38. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-3-33-38
7. Shembakov V.A. Possibilities of innovative industrial technology of prefabricated monolithic frame GC «Recon-SMK». Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 3, pp. 32–38. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-3-32-38
8. Sokolov N.S. Technology for increasing the bearing capacity of the base. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 6, pp. 67–71. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-771-6-67-71
9. Shembakov V.A. Current industrial technology for manufacturing non-stressed and pre-stressed structures. Modernization of large-panel prefabrication plants. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 3, pp. 30–35. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-3-30-35

General information about the state of the chrysotile cement industry in Russia and in the world since the beginning of the XX century and changes in recent decades is presented. The most intensive development of the industry is noted in Russia and the countries of the former USSR due to the largest reserves of chrysotile asbestos in these territories. The physical and technical properties of chrysotile cement products, due to which they have many advantages both in terms of operational reliability and economic attractiveness, are given. The high potential of chrysotile-cement materials in construction is justified. It is shown that the frame technology of SOVBI can provide a significant increase in demand for flat chrysotile cement sheets.

S.M. NEYMAN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
S.E. PUNENKOV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Chief Technologist (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..r)

¹ NO «Hrizotilovaja Associacija» (35, build 1, Usacheva Street, 1, Moscow, 119048, Russian Federation)
² PJSC “Uralasbest” (66, Uralskaya Street, Asbest, 624260, Russian Federation)

1. Guide to terrophazerite coating. Moscow: Printing house of the Moscow Council of Workers and Red Army Deputies. 1918.
2. Komarov Ju.T. 100th anniversary of the Bryansk asbestos-cement plant. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2008. No. 9, pp. 34–35. (In Russian).
3. Zadiraka G.N. Roofless ventilated roofs “Ural” using chrysotile cement sheets. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2008. No. 9, pp. 16–17. (In Russian).
4. Punenkov S.E., Kozlov Ju.S., Punenkov N.S. Dynamics and prospects for the development of the chrysotile-asbestos industry. Gorno-metallurgicheskaja promyshlennost’. 2023. No. 9–10, pp. 48–55. (In Russian).
5. Zhukov A.D., Nejman S.M., Radnaeva S.Zh. Operational durability of chrysotile-cement pipes. Vestnik MGSU. 2013. No. 3, pp. 127–134. (In Russian).
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The resistance of chloromagnesial composites to prolonged water saturation is determined by the softening coefficient and the tendency to cracking. Technological methods for preventing the cracking of a magnesia binder stone in contact with water have a number of disadvantages, in particular, related to their difficult reproducibility in production conditions. This study is devoted to the search for additives that make it possible to regulate the processes of structure formation of chloro-magnesial composites in order to form predominantly stable phases evenly distributed in volume during prolonged saturation with water. In the course of the work, standard methods were used to study the properties of dough and astringent stone, as well as microcalorimetry. As a result, it was found that the addition of sodium tripolyphosphate significantly slows down the setting time of the chloromagnesial composition, but eliminates the tendency of the artificial stone obtained from it to crack during prolonged water saturation.

G.F. AVERINA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.A. KOSHELEV, Graduate student (vasilikosh@ gmail.com),
L.Ya. KRAMAR, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

South Ural State University (National Research University) (76, Lenina Avenue, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation)

1. Vinnichenko V.I., Ryazanov A.N. Resource- and energy-saving binders from dolomite waste. Energy- and resource-saving environmentally friendly chemical-technological processes for environmental protection. Belgorod. November 24–25, 2015, pp. 22–32. (In Russian).
2. Nosov A.V. High-strength dolomite binder. Vestnik of the South Ural State University. Series: Construction and architecture. 2013. Vol. 13. No. 1, pp. 30–37. (In Rissian).
3. Uryasheva N.N., Kovaleva O.I., Kovalev N.V. Research of the magnesia cement stability to the impact of corrosive biological environments. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. Vol. 451. No. 1. 012035. DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/451/1/012035
4. Lauermannová A.M., Lojka M., Jankovský O., Faltysová I., Pavlíková M., Pivák A., Záleská M., Pavlík Z. High-performance magnesium oxychloride composites with silica sand and diatomite. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021. Vol. 11, pp. 957–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.01.028
5. Khalil A., Wang X., Celik K. 3D printable magnesium oxide concrete: towards sustainable modern architecture. Additive Manufacturing. 2020. Vol. 33. 101145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101145
6. Nosov A.V., Chernykh T.N., Kramar L.Ya. Additives-intensifiers for dolomite firing. Science SUSU. Sections of technical sciences: materials of the 66th scientific conference. Chelyabinsk. 2014, pp. 998–1002. (In Russian).
7. Khuziakhmetov R.Kh. Technology of magnesium binders from dolomite powder and assessment of the quality of firing products. Vestnik of the Kazan Technological University. 2013. Vol. 16. No. 7, pp. 101–107. (In Russian).
8. Kramar L.Ya., Chernyh T.N., Trofimov B.Ya. Peculiarities of hardening of magnesium binder. Cement i ego primenenie. 2006. No. 5, pp. 58–61. (In Russian).
9. Kramar L.Ya., Nuzhdin S.V., Trofimov B.Ya. Compositions based on magnesium binder, not prone to cracking during operation. Vestnik of the South Ural State University. Series: Construction and architecture. 2007. No. 14 (86), pp. 15–17. (In Russian).
10. Elenova A.A., Krivoborodov Yu.R. Influence of hydrodynamically activated crystalline hydrate additive on hydration and hardening of cement stone. Uspekhi v khimii i khimicheskoi tekhnologii. 2016. Vol. 30. No. 7 (176), pp. 36–38. (In Russian).
11. Krivoborodov Yu.R., Boiko A.A. Influence of mineral additives on the hydration of aluminous cement. Tekhnika i tekhnologiya silikatov. 2011. Vol. 18. No. 4, pp. 12–15. (In Russian).
12. Guvalov A.A., Kabus’ A.V., Usherov-Marshak A.V. Influence of organomineral additives on early hydration of cement. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 9, pp. 94–95. (In Russian).
13. Ba H., Guan H. Influence of MgO/MgCl₂ molar ratio on phase stability of magnesium oxychloride cement. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 2009. Vol. 24. No. 3, pp. 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-009-3476-3
14. Murashkevich A.N. Khimicheskaya tekhnologiya materialov i izdeliy elektronnoy tekhniki [Chemical technology of materials and electronic products]. Minsk: BGTU. 2013. 297.
15. Averina G.F., Koshelev V.A., Kramar L.Y. Combined roasting of raw materials modified by additives-intensifiers in form of low humidity sludge. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019. Vol. 687. Iss. 2. 022038. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/687/2/022038
16. Averina G.F., Katasonova A.V., Zimich V.V., Chernykh T.N. Increasing the water resistance of magnesium stone for hardening backfill mixtures from technogenic dolomites. Vestnik of the South Ural State University. Series: Construction and architecture. 2016. Vol. 16. No. 2, pp. 28–32. (In Russian).

The processes of structure formation of composite building materials (KSM) on different polymer binders are presented. It is shown that one of the most significant components of KSM are fillers, which help to improve their structural and operational characteristics. This work is devoted to the analysis of the results of an experimental study of the properties of epoxy composites with fillers having various elastic-plastic and strength properties. The research was carried out in three stages: at the first stage, studies were conducted aimed at assessing the influence of the nature of the filler on the curing processes of KSM; at the second, the influence of the type of filler and its quantitative content on the strength of composites was established, at the third, compositions were optimized using fillers with different indicators of grain composition and elastic-plastic properties. Powders of glass, dolomite, thermolite, and diatomite were considered as fillers at the first and second stages of the research, and powders of glass, ceramics, and chalk were considered at the second stage. The research at the third stage was carried out using mathematical methods of experiment planning with the construction of a planning matrix for a complete factor experiment and the determination of the values of the response functions relative to the encoded factors. The physico-mechanical properties, degree of curing, and chemical resistance of filled epoxy CCM have been established. On the basis of artificial neural networks, the maximum properties of the studied composites with fillers were determined. An assessment of structural properties based on rank correlation is also proposed. The results of the research can be used to predict the properties of KSM, as well as to clarify the extreme parameters of the properties. The dependences of changes in the properties of polymer composites on the surface characteristics, the dispersion of fillers and the degree of filling were established; preferred fillers for epoxy composites were determined; fillers were determined to assess the effect of elastic surface properties of composites, allowing to improve the strength and deformability of polymer composites; regression models were obtained based on a complete factorial experiment; an assessment of the «structural stability» of the studied composites using Pearson, Kendall, Spearman rank correlation; On the basis of artificial neural networks, the extreme properties of the studied composites with fillers were determined, neural networks.

V.T. YEROFEYEV^1,3, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. );
V.V. AFONIN², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ),
M.M. ZOTKINA², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
K.S. STENECHKIN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
T.P. TYURYAKHINA³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.V. LAZAREV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² National Research Mordovia State University (430000, Saransk, Bolshevistskaya Street, 68/1)
³ Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of RAACS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

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One of the authors is a participant in the XVI International Congress on Cement Chemistry (ICCC 2023), which was held in Bangkok (Thailand) on September 18–22, 2023 under the motto “Further decarbonization and recycling production and application of cement and concrete.” Statistical data, thematic areas of the congress are presented and some reports are presented, the content of which may be of most interest to Russian specialists.

N.R. RAKHIMOVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.Z. RAKHIMOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, 420043, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation)

1. IEA, CSI, WBCSD, Technology Roadmap – Low-Carbon Transition in the Cement Industry, Paris 2018 (2018). https://www.iea.org/reports/technology-roadmaplow-carbon-transition-in-the-cement-industry.
2. CEMBUREAU, Cementing the European Green Deal. Reaching climate neutrality along the cement and concrete value chain by 2050, 2020. https://cembureau. eu/media/kuxd32gi/cembureau-2050-roadmap_final-version_web.pdf.
3. Concrete Future, The GCCA 2050 Cement and Concrete Industry Roadmap for Net Zero Concrete, GCCA, London, 2022. https://gccassociation.org/concretefuture/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GCCA-Concrete-Future-Roadmap-Document-AW-2022.pdf.
4. HeidelbergCement – Sustainability Report 2021, Heidelberg Materials, 2022. https://www.heidelbergmaterials.com/sites/default/files/2022-06/220529-HC-NB-2021-EN.pdf accessed March 7, 2023).
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7. Rakhimov R.Z. Ecology, metallurgy, mineral binders and building materials industry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 9, pp. 26–31. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-806-9-26-31
8. Schneider M., Hoenig V., Ruppert J., Rickert J. The cement plant of tomorrow. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023, Vol. 173, 107290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107290
9. Tong R., Sui T., Feng L., Lin L. The digitization work of cement plant in China. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023, Vol. 173, 107266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107266
10. Scrivener K.L., Matschei T., Georget F., Juilland P., Mohamed A.K. Advances in hydration and thermodynamics of cementitious systems. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 174, 107332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107332
11. Mohamed A.K., Bouibes A., Bauchy M., Casar Z. Molecular modelling of cementitious materials: current progress and benefits. RILEM Technical Letters. 2022. Vol. 7, pp. 209–219. https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2022.175
12. Qoku E., Xu K., Li J.,. Monteiro P.J.M, Kurtis K.E. Advances in imaging, scattering, spectroscopy, and machine learning-aided approaches for multiscale characterization of cementitious systems. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023.Vol. 174. 107335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107335
13. Ben Haha M., Termkhajornkit P., Ouzia A., Uppalapati S., Huet B. Low clinker systems – Towards a rational use of SCMs for optimal performance. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 174. 107335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107312
14. Мухаметрахимов Р.Х., Лукманова Л.В. Влияние портландцементов с различным минералогическим составом на основные свойства композитов, сформованных методом послойного экструдирования (3D-печати) // Известия КГАСУ. 2021. № 2 (56). С. 37–50. DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2021_2_37
14. Mukhametrakhimov R.Kh., Lukmanova L.V. Influence of Portland cements with different mineralogical composition on basic properties of 3D-printed composites. Izvestiya of the KSUACE. 2021. No. 2 (56), pp. 37–50. DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2021_2_37
15. Skibsted J., Snellings, Reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in cement blends. Cement and Concrete Research. 2019. Vol. 124. 105799.
16. Sharma M., Bishnoi S., Martirena F., Scrivener K. Limestone calcined clay cement and concrete: a state-of-the-art review. Cement and Concrete Research. 2021. Vol. 149. 106564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106564
17. Zunino F., Dhandapani Y., Ben Haha M., Skibsted J., Joseph S., Krishnan S., Parashar A., Juenger M.C.G., Hanein T., Bernal S.A., Scrivener K.L., Avet F. Hydration and mixture design of calcined clay blended cements: review by the RILEM TC 282-CCL. Materials and Structures. 2022. Vol. 55. 234. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-02060-1
18. Snellings R., Suraneni P., Skibsted J. Future and emerging supplementary cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 171. 107199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107199
19. Müller C. How standards support sustainability of cement and concrete in Europe. Cement and Concre-te Research. 2023. Vol. 173. 107288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107288
20. Смирнов Д.С., Мавлиев Л.Ф., Хузиахметова К.Р., Мотыйгуллин И.Р. Влияние минеральной добавки на основе молотого доменного шлака на свойства бетонов и бетонных смесей // Известия КГАСУ. 2022. № 4 (62). С. 61–69. DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2022_4_61, EDN: KQDLZR
20. Smirnov D.S., Mavliev L.F., Khuziakhmetova K.R., Motygullin I.R. Effect of mineral additive based on ground blast furnace slag on the properties of concrete and concrete mixtures. Izvestiya of the KSUACE. 2022. No. 4 (62), pp. 61–69. (In Russian). DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2022_4_61, EDN: KQDLZR
21. Хренов Г.М. Моделирование пластических свойств бетонной смеси // Известия КГАСУ. 2021. № 1 (55). С. 49–57. DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2021_1_49
21. Khrenov G.M. Modeling of concrete mixture plastic properties. Izvestiya of the KSUACE. 2021. No. 1 (55), pp. 49–57. (In Russian). DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2021_1_49
22. Flatt R.J., Roussel N., Bessaies-Bey H., Caneda-Martínez L., Palacios M., Zunino F. From physics to chemistry of fresh blended cements. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 172. 107243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107243
23. Zajac M., Maruyama I., Iizuka A., Skibsted J. Enforced carbonation of cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 174. 07285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107285
24. Sun Poon C., Shen P., Jiang Y., Ma Z., Xuan D. Total recycling of concrete waste using accelerated carbonation: A review. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 173. 107284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107284
25. Liu Z., Lv C., Wang F., Hu S. Recent advances in carbonatable binders. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 173. 107286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107286
26. Rakhimova N.R., Morozov V.P., Eskin A.A., Galiullin B.M. One-part alkali-activated materials derived from natural and designed blends of clay and calcium carbonate sources. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2024. Vol. 36 (2). 04023588. https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-1650
27. Angst U.M. Steel corrosion in concrete – Achilles’ heel for sustainable concrete? Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 172. 107239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107239
28. De Weerdt K., Wilson W., Machner A., Georget F. Chloride profiles – What do they tell us and how should they be used? Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 173. 107287. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107287

Fire safety procedures are an integral part of the design process of civil and industrial construction facilities. When carrying out design calculations, up-to-date reference data on the resistance of known types of building materials to the effects of open fire and elevated temperatures are used. However, modification of the compositions and properties of such materials may cause changes in their behavior in fire conditions. Thus, new types of high-strength concretes based on Portland cement in practice have shown a tendency to explosive destruction, which significantly affects the reliability of the simulation results of their resistance to prolonged and short-term exposure to elevated temperatures. The presented work provides an overview and assessment of the current state of the issue of ensuring fire safety of structures made of high-strength concrete, additional measures are proposed to improve the existing algorithms for determining their fire resistance.

R.Ya. AKHTYAMOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.M. AHMED’YANOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.A. GAMALIY, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
G.F. AVERINA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

“Ural Research Institute of Building Materials” LLC (5, bldg 5, Stalevarov Street, Chelyabinsk, 454047, Russian Federation)

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18. Ахтямов Р.Я., Ахмедьянов Р.М., Гамалий Е.А., Аверина Г.Ф. Актуальные проблемы развития нормативной базы производства и эксплуатации жаростойких бетонов // Строительные мате-риалы. 2023. № 7. С. 4–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-815-7-4-11
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3D concrete printing (3DCP) is an innovative and promising method for constructing buildings and structures. Compositions of fine-grained concrete based on Portland cement are widely used as raw material mixtures in this technology. An alternative to the use of cement binder is the use of gypsum-cement-pozzolan binder, which can significantly reduce the cost of the finished product and, accordingly, increase its competitiveness. The raw material mixtures based on gypsum-cement-pozzolan binder presented on the construction market do not fully meet the requirements of 3DCP. Achieving optimal performance of gypsum-cement-pozzolan mixtures in 3DCP is possible by regulating the content of fine aggregate in the composition of fine-grained concrete, as well as the use of multicomponent modifying additives. The purpose of this work is to develop modified gypsum-cement-pozzolan concretes for 3DCP based on optimization of aggregate content and multifunctional additive, providing optimal rheotechnological properties of raw mixtures and technological characteristics of finished products. The formation of samples during experimental studies was carried out using the layer-by-layer extrusion method on a workshop construction 3D printer “AMT S-6044”. Modified gypsum-cement-pozzolan concretes have been developed for 3DCP with increased ultimate shear stress of the mixture (87.6 Pa), dimensional stability (23 cm), average composite density (1920 g/m3), flexural strength (8.4 MPa) and compression (30.6 MPa) and water resistance (0.85). The possibility of targeted regulation of the structure and properties of gypsum-cement-pozzolan mixtures and concrete due to the synergistic effect of the components of the developed multifunctional complex additive, including an aqueous solution of a polycarboxylate ether, a copolymer based on carboxylic acid esters, and a homogeneous mixture of oligoethoxysiloxanes, has been proven. The results obtained are consistent with the results of the differential thermal analysis of modified gypsum-cement-pozzolanic stone.

R.Kh. MUKHAMETRAKHIMOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.Z. RAKHIMOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engeneering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.R. GALAUTDINOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
L.V. ZIGANSHINA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, 420043, Russian Federation)

1. Адамцевич А.О., Пустовгар А.П. Аддитивное строительное производство: исследование эффекта анизотропии прочностных характеристик бетона // Строительные материалы. 2022. № 9. С. 18–24. DOI: 10.31659/0585-430X-2022-806-9-18-24
1. Adamtsevich A.O., Pustovgar A.P. Additive manufacturing in construction: the research of the anisotropy concrete strength effect. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 9, pp. 18–24. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-806-9-18-24
2. Адамцевич А.О., Пустовгар А.П., Адамцевич Л.А. Аддитивное строительное производство: особенности применения технологии // Промышленное и гражданское строительство. 2023. № 7. C. 70–78. DOI: 10.33622/0869-7019.2023.07.70-78
2. Adamtsevich A.O., Pustovgar A.P., Adamtsevich L.A. Additive construction production: features of the technology application. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2023. No. 7, pp. 70–78. (In Russian). DOI: 10.33622/0869-7019.2023.07.70-78
3. Акулова И.И., Славчева Г.С., Макарова Т.В. Технико-экономическая оценка эффективности применения 3D-печати в жилищном строительстве // Жилищное строительство. 2019. № 12. С. 52–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-12-52-56
3. Akulova I.I., Slavcheva G.S., Makarova T.V. Technical and economic estimate of efficiency of using 3D printing in housing construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 12, pp. 52–56. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-12-52-56
4. Пустовгар А.П., Адамцевич Л.А., Адамцевич А.О. Международный опыт исследований в области аддитивного строительного производства // Жилищное строительство. 2023. № 11. С. 4–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-11-4-10
4. Pustovgar A.P., Adamtsevich L.A., Adamtsevich A.O. International research experience in the field of additive construction manufacturing. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 11, pp. 4–10. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-11-4-10
5. Мальцева Е.В., Дмитриев А.В. Концепция развития аддитивных технологий в индивидуальном жилом строительстве // Жилищное строительство. 2023. № 11. С. 12–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-11-12-17
5. Maltseva E.V., Dmitriev A.V. The concept of development of additive technologies in individual housing construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 11, pp. 12–17. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-11-12-17
6. Rehman A.U., Birru B.M., Kim J.-H. Set-on-demand 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) construction and potential outcome of shotcrete accelerators on its hardened properties. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2023. Vol. 18, pp. e01955. DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01955
7. Li S., Nguyen-Xuan H., Tran P. Digital design and parametric study of 3D concrete printing on non-planar surfaces. Automation in Construction. 2023. Vol. 145, pp. 104624. DOI: 10.1016/J.AUTCON.2022.104624
8. Славчева Г.С., Бритвина Е.А., Шведова М.А., Юров П.Ю. Влияние дозировки и гранулометрии наполнителей на показатели экструдируемости смесей для 3D-печати // Строительные материалы. 2022. № 1–2. С. 21–29. DOI: 10.31659/0585-430X-2022-799-1-2-21-29
8. Slavcheva G.S., Britvina E.A., Shvedova M.A., Yurov P.Y. Effect of filler and aggregates dosage and particle size range on the 3d-printable mixture extrudability. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 1–2, pp. 21–29. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-799-1-2-21-29
9. Славчева Г.С., Артамонова О.В. Реологическое поведение дисперсных систем для строительной 3D-печати: проблема управления на основе возможностей арсенала «Нано» // Нанотехнологии в строительстве: научный интернет-журнал. 2018. Т. 10. № 3. С. 107–122. DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2018-10-3-107-122
9. Slavcheva G.S., Artamonova O.V. The rheological behavior of disperse systems for 3d printing in construction: the problem of control and possibility of «nano» tools application. Nanotekhnologii v stroitel’stve: scientific online journal. 2018. Vol. 10. No. 3, pp. 107–122. (In Russian). DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2018-10-3-107-122
10. Мухаметрахимов Р.Х., Зиганшина Л.В. Влияние портландцементов с различным минералогическим составом на основные свойства композитов, сформованных методом послойного экструдирования (3D-печати) // Известия Казанского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета. 2021. № 2 (56). С. 37–49. DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2021_2_37
10. Mukhametrakhimov R.Kh., Ziganshina L.V. Influence of Portland cements with different mineralogical composition on basic properties of 3D-printed composites. Izvestiya of the Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2021. No. 2 (56), pp. 37–49. (In Russian). DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2021_2_37
11. Bozzano F., Esposito C., Mazzanti P., Innocca F., Romeo S. Urban engineered slope collapsed in Rome on February 14th, 2018: Results from remote sensing monitoring. Journal of Geosciences. 2020. Vol. 10. No. 9. DOI: 10.3390/geosciences10090331
12. Патент РФ 2794037. Способ 3D-печати бетоном с длительным технологическим перерывом / Мухаметрахимов Р.Х., Зиганшина Л.В. Заявл. 01.11.2022. Опубл. 11.04.2023.
12. Patent RF 2794037. Sposob 3D-pechati betonom s dlitel’nym tekhnologicheskim pereryvom [A method for 3D printing concrete with a long technological break]. Mukhametrakhimov R.Kh., Ziganshina L.V. Declared 01.11.2022. Published 11.04.2023. (In Russian)
13. Kuznetsov D.V., Klyuev S.V., Ryazanov A.N., Sinitsin D.A., Pudovkin A.N., Kobeleva E.V., Nedoseko I.V. Dry mixes on gypsum and mixed bases in the construction of low-rise residential buildings using 3D printing technology. Construction Materials and Products. 2023. Vol. 6. No. 6. DOI: 10.58224/2618-7183-2023-6-6-5
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33. Батова М.Д., Жукова Н.С., Гордина А.Ф., Яковлев Г.И., Шайбадуллина А.В., Эльрефаи  А.Э.М.М., Орбан З. Гипсовые материалы, модифицированные комплексной добавкой на основе наносилики // Строительные материалы. 2022. № 4. С. 64–71. DOI: 10.31659/0585-430X-2022-801-4-64-71
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Concrete is a material widely used in construction works and buildings that support people’s lives. The operability of concrete structures can be maintained for a long time if such structures are properly designed and built. The article proposes a new approach to the mechanics of durability to establish a systematic prediction and assessment of the be- havior of reinforced concrete structures depending on time. The chemical and mechanical wear of cement materials over time due to chemical reactions, environmental effects and external loads is described by physico-chemical models of reaction, transfer, destruction and their compounds. In addition, the operability of concrete structures over time is discussed. The outlines of several representative research projects on the mechanics of durability are presented.

S.N. LEONOVICH^1,2, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor, Foreign Academician of RAACS (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Belarusian National Technical University (65 Nezavisimosti Prospect, Minsk, 22OO13, Republic of Belarus)
² Qingdao University of Technology (266033, China, 11 Fushun Rd, Qingdao)

1. Москвин В.М., Иванов Ф.М., Алексеев С.И., Гузеев Е.А. Коррозия бетона и железобетона, методы их защиты. М.: Стройиздат, 1980. 536 с.
1. Moskvin V.M., Ivanov F.M., Alekseev S.I., Guzeev E.A. Korroziya betona i zhelezobetona, metody ikh zashchity [Corrosion of concrete and reinforced concrete, methods of their protection]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1980. 536 p.
2. Алексеев С.Н., Иванов Ф.М., Модры С., Шиссль П. Долговечность железобетона в агрессивных средах. М.: Стройиздат, 1990. 320 с.
2. Alekseev S.N., Ivanov F.M., Modry S., Schissl P. Dolgovechnost’ zhelezobetona v agressivnykh sredakh [Durability of reinforced concrete in aggressive environments]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1990. 320 p.
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Installations of the mid-twentieth century for testing concrete for creep, as a rule, have significant wear and are not intended for testing new concrete. To carry out testing of modern high-strength concrete, their modernization and retrofitting is required. Due to the lack of standard technical solutions, design and survey work is required in preparation for testing. The purpose of the presented study was to study the nodes and elements of spring installations for determining the creep of concrete and to establish the possibility of their use under increased loads, to modernize installations for the possibility of testing samples of various lengths without complete disassembly, to ensure safety during such tests. To determine the strength and stiffness parameters of the springs, it was necessary to conduct two-stage tests with the development of special equipment. Also, according to the results of the evaluation of the hinge assemblies for axial load transfer to the sample, their replacement with a change in design solutions was required. According to the results of experimental studies, individual springs and thrust hinge elements were fragilely destroyed, in connection with which a hinge assembly of a new design was developed, changes have been made to the design of the installation to ensure the physical protection of maintenance personnel, a modular system of steel spacers with protection against horizontal movement has been developed, which makes it possible to test samples of different lengths on existing installations without changing the configuration of the installations themselves. An important result of the work is the proposed system of double experimental control, when first a random test of individual elements is carried out to assess the possible level of loads on the equipment, then a continuous control of the already assembled test installations is carried out for large loads relative to the planned experiment. Only in this case it is possible to simultaneously ensure high reliability of the results obtained during testing, reliability and durability of the equipment. Moreover, it is impossible to carry out such work only numerically without testing, as practice has shown.

P.D. ARLENINOV^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
S.B. KRYLOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering);
D.V. KONIN³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
V.A. NESCHADIMOV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete named after A.A. Gvozdev (NIIZHB), JSC “Research Center of Construction” (6, 2nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow, 109428, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
³ Central Research Institute of Building Structures named after. V.A. Kucherenko (TSNIISK), JSC “Research Center of Construction” (6, bldg. 5, 2nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow, 109428, Russian Federation)

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2. Tamrazyan A.G. On the stability of eccentrically compressed reinforced concrete elements with small eccentricity taking into account the rheological properties of concrete. Zhelezobetonnyye konstruktsii. 2023. No. 2 (2), pp. 48–57.
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4. Arleninov P.D., Krylov S.B., Kalmakova P.S., Donov A.V. Eksperimental’nyye issledovaniya protsessa relaksatsii betona v raznykh rezhimakh [Experimental studies of the relaxation process of concrete in different modes]. Vestnik NIC Stroitel’stvo. 2023. No. 1 (36), pp. 86–98. (In Russian).
5. Vedyakov I.I., Konin D.V., Egorova A.A. Features of the use of steel forgings in supporting structures. Stroitel’naya mekhanika i raschet sooruzheniy. 2022. No. 2 (301), pp. 60–70. (In Russian).
6. Konin D.V. Experimental studies of models of column joints with imperfections between milled ends. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2010. No. 1 (27), pp. 29–35. (In Russian).
7. Travush V.I., Konin D.V. Numerical and experimental studies of models of column joints with imperfections between milled ends. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. 2010. Vol. 6. No. 1–2, pp. 209–211. (In Russian).
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The paper considers the results of experimental studies of the individual and joint influence of macro-, meso- and micro-nanofractions of granite crushing screenings on the processes of structure formation and properties of cement concrete. It has been established that in the processes of formation of the structure of fine-grained concrete and the potential for resistance to its destruction, all fractions of stone crushing screenings perform their specific functions as a component factor. Macro-sized (crushed stone) grains of screening of the 5–10 mm fraction form a macro-scale frame of the addition system, which perceives force load with the accumulation of loading energy and braking of main cracks. Sand mesoparticles of fraction 0.16–5 mm fill the intergranular space of the system for adding macroparticles with dissipation of external loading energy in the matrix material. The microfraction of granite crushing screenings (the fraction is <0.16 mm), along with the effect of replacing the volume of cement stone, exhibits physical and chemical activity in the phase formation of hydrate compounds. It is shown that in the initial screening of granite crushing, the structure-forming role of its particles is not manifested effectively enough, the main reason for which is the “excess” of sand fractions, which push apart the grains of macrofractions and increase the water demand of the concrete mixture. Traditional methods of enriching screenings do not solve this problem. The principle of conditioning screenings by saturating them with macro- and micro-sized fractions is discussed. Based on this principle, a technology for mechanical processing of screenings has been developed to produce a “line” of products for targeted use in the building materials and products industry. The introduction of such technology will significantly increase the efficiency of construction and technological recycling of stone crushing screenings through maximum use of the structure-forming potential of their polydisperse composition.

A.I. MAKEEV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Voronezh State Technical University (84, 20-letiya Oktyabrya Street, Voronezh, 394006, Russian Federation)

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