The heat release of a mixed binder based on Portland cement with the addition of aluminous cement was studied. The mixed binder has increased heat generation compared to pure Portland cement and can be used for concrete work in winter conditions. To increase the exotherm of the concrete mixture, it is proposed to use the additive sodium citrate. The combined effect of additives on the heat release of cement was studied. The introduction of sodium citrate can significantly accelerate the hardening processes of the binder by reducing the induction period. An increase in heat generation has been established when using sodium citrate and a plasticizer based on polycarboxylate esters together. The influence of the order of introduction of additives on the properties of the mixed binder has been established. The release of the maximum amount of thermal energy can be achieved by adding a plasticizer to the finished mixture.

V.G. SOLOVIEV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associated Professor,
V.A. SHVETSOVA, Assistant Professor, Head of Laboratory (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Kaddo M., Sinotova M. Study of dry mixes with aluminate cements for self-leveling floors. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. Vol. 365. No. 3, pp. 32-35. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/365/3/032035
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6. Solovyov V.G., Shvetsova V.A., Nguyen Z.T.L. Study of the properties of a mixed binder based on Portland cement. Tekhnika i tekhnologiya silikatov. 2022. Vol. 29. No. 4, pp. 369–378. (In Russian).
7. Rumyantsev E.V., Bayburin A.Kh. The features of using self-compacting fine-grained fresh concrete during winter concreting of joints. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 6, pp. 51–57. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-803-6-51-57
8. Rumyantsev E.V., Bayburin A.Kh., Solov’ev V.G., Ahmed’yanov R.M., Bessonov S.V. Technological parameters of the quality of self-compacting fine-grained fresh concrete for winter concreting. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2021. No. 5, pp. 4–14. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2021-791-5-4-14
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10. Kamalova Z.A., Ermilova E.Yu., Rakhimova R.Z., Stoyanov O.V. The influence of accelerators on the hardening kinetics of composite cement stone with the addition of super- and hyperplasticizer. Vestnik of the Kazan Technological University. 2014. Vol. 17. No. 15, pp. 40–42.
11. Yifei Wang, Lei Lei, Jianhui Liu, Yihan Ma, Yi Liu, Zhiqiang Xiao, Caijun Shi. Accelerators for normal concrete: A critical review on hydration, microstructure and properties of cement-based materials. Cement and concrete composites. 2022. Vol. 134. 104762. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104762
12. Jeeshan Khan, Santha Kumar G. Influence of binary antifreeze admixtures on strength performance of concrete under cold weather conditions. Journal of Building engineering. 2021. Vol. 34. 102055. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102055
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17. Leonovich S.N., Sviridov D.V., Shchukin G.L., Belanovich A.L., Savenko V.P., Karpushenkov S.A., Kim L.V. Formation of cement stone from aluminous cement in the presence of sodium citrate. Vestnik of the FEFU engineering school. 2016. Vol. 29. No. 4, pp. 117–123. (In Russian).
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This article discusses issues related to correcting the adhesive properties of composite materials based on organic waste and expanded polystyrene. The theoretical prerequisites for the formation of the structure of materials based on organic raw materials are determined. An average series of binders has been established as the adhesive strength with vegetable filler increases. The results of determining the adhesive strength of polystyrene foam in the structure of the composite material are presented. In order to increase the hydrophilicity of polystyrene foam, such binders as polyvinyl acetate emulsion, liquid glass, and acrylic latex were used in research. Analysis of the results obtained allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of the binder and determine the optimal type of filler in the composition of the composite material, based on the values of the shear strength. As a result, it was found that the introduction of expanded polystyrene into the composition of a composite material based on organic raw materials makes it possible to reduce the consumption of the binder by 82–87% due to its treatment with an aqueous solution of dimethyl ketone and providing it with adhesive ability. Thus, it is possible to significantly increase the share of organic waste used in the production of building materials, increasing the efficiency of their processing and disposal.

O.E. SMIRNOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
А.P. PICHUGIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.F. KHRITANKOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SIBSTRIN) (113, Leningradskaya Street, Novosibirsk, 630008, Russian Federation)

1. Solomatov V.I., Vyrovoy V.N., Selyaev V.P. Polistrukturnaya teoriya kompozitsionnykh stroitel’nykh materialov [Polystructural theory of composite building materials]. Tashkent: Fan. 1991. 345 p.
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The structural changes of cross-linked epoxy polymer adhesive for external reinforcement systems of building structures after exposure to artificial climatic factors have been studied by the method of IR Fourier spectroscopy. The aim of the study was to determine the significance of influencing factors (UV radiation, temperature, water and alkaline environment) for the development of a method for accelerated assessment of the durability of selected systems. The objectives of the study were to identify the mechanism of aging and obtain differential spectra of aged and initial samples. The processes of destruction of samples of cross-linked epoxy polymer of amine curing under the influence of artificial climatic factors of aging have been studied by IR spectroscopy. It has been established that the most significant factors influencing structural changes in the polymer are UV radiation and an alkaline solution of NaOH and KOH.

A.M. SULEIMANOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.M. YAGUND, Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry), Associate Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.R. SHAKIROV, Graduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, 420043, Kazan, Russian Federation)

1. Николаев Е.В., Павлов М.Р., Андреева Н.П. и др. Исследование процессов старения полимерных композиционных материалов в натурных условиях тропического климата Северной Америки // Новости материаловедения. Наука и техника. 2018. № 3–4 (30). С. 8. EDN: RVQVZJ
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2. Старцев В.О., Кривушина А.А., Минеев Т.В. Развитие методов испытаний полимерных материалов на микробиологическую стойкость. Обзор // Все материалы: Энциклопедический справочник. 2022. № 12. С. 18–27. EDN: DLGMDE. DOI: 10.31044/1994-6260-2022-0-12-18-27
2. Startsev V.O., Krivushina A.A., Mineeva T.V. Development of methods for testing polymer materials for microbiological resistance. Review. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskii spravochnik. 2022. No. 12, pp. 18–27. EDN: DLGMDE. DOI: 10.31044/1994-6260-2022-0-12-18-27
3. Lebedev M., Startsev O. Regularities of aging of polymer and polymer composite materials in the conditions of the Far North. Russian Chemical Bulletin. 2023. Vol. 72, pp. 553–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-023-3819-1
4. Bulgakov A.G., Mamontov S., Mamontov A., Rapatsky Y.L. Characteristics of aging of wood-fiberboard from the position of IR spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Engineering Science. 2020. Vol. 18. No. 4. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-29431
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6. Xu Liang, Wang, Guiting, Zhou Song, Huang Yanqing. Study on the effect of hygrothermal aging on the properties of three-dimensional woven composite materials with damage. Advances in Engineering Technology Research. 2023. Vol. 6 (1), p. 365. DOI: 10.56028/aetr.6.1.365.2023
7. Surya K. Mallapragada, Balaji Narasimhan. Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Polymer Crystallinity. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory, and Instrumentation. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a2012
8. Prosr P., Polansky R., Pihera J. Classification of aging level of solid dielectric using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – Method of discriminant analysis. IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD). 2013, pp. 740–743. DOI: 10.1109/ICSD.2013.6619789
9. Ельцова Н.О., Будко Е.В. Применение методов матричного анализа и графического ранжирования массива экспериментальных данных ИК-спектроскопии для изучения межкомпонентных процессов в смесях фенирамина малеата // Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов. 2019. Т. 85. № 9. С. 22–28. EDN: UXSEZM. DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2019-85-9-22-28.
9. Eltsova N.O., Budko E.V. Application of matrix analysis methods and graphic ranking of an array of experimental data of IR spectroscopy to study intercomponent processes in mixtures of pheniramine maleate. Zavodskaya laboratoriya. Diagnostika materialov. 2019. Vol. 85. No. 9, pp. 22–28. EDN: UXSEZM. DOI: 10.26896/1028-6861-2019-85-9-22-28
10. Забелин А.А., Шкуропатова В.А., Шувалов В.А., Шкуропатов А.Я. Спектральные и фотохимические свойства пленок реакционного центра Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 в условиях вакуума // Биохимия. 2019. Т. 84. № 9. С. 1359–1368. EDN: PKTDMM. DOI 10.1134/S0320972519090136
10. Zabelin A.A., Shkuropatova V.A., Shuvalov V.A., Shkuropatov A.Ya. Spectral and photochemical properties of films of the reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 under vacuum conditions. Biokhimiya. 2019. Vol. 84. No. 9, pp. 1359–1368. EDN PKTDMM. DOI 10.1134/S0320972519090136
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13. Баскаков С.А., Баскакова Ю.В., Кабачков Е.Н., Кичигина Г.А., Кущ П.П., Кирюхин Д.П., Красникова С.С., Бадамшина Э.Р., Солдатенков Т.А., Василец В.Н., Милович Ф.О., Шульга Ю.М. Гидрофобизация пленок целлюлозы, полученной из стебля борщевика Сосновского, растворами теломеров тетрафторэтилена // Лесной вестник. 2023. Т. 27. № 1. С. 95–106. DOI: 10.18698/2542-1468-2023-1-95-106
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The possibility of using a computational scheme to describe the glass transition temperature and other physical and mechanical properties of synthesized polyepoxyurethanisocyanurates is considered. Modification of the chemical structure of these polymers by purposeful selection of initial components and development of synthesis stages leads to the production of materials with improved thermal and mechanical properties. At the first stage, a urethane prepolymer was obtained by reacting polyoxytetramethylene glycol (PMG) with 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI). At the second stage, the epoxy resin reacts with TDI to produce isocyanatourethane prepolymers. The products of the reactions of the 1st and 2nd stages interact with the formation of an oligomeric isocyanurate structure, which, with increasing temperature, is converted into a mesh polymer.

M.D. KEJMAKH¹, Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M.G. EZERNITSKAYA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
I.V. KARANDY¹, Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.A. ASKADSKII^1,2, Doctor of Sciences (Сhemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS) (28, Vavilova Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

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15. Патент РФ 2111994. МПК6 С 09 D 5/25. Электроизоляционный лак для эмаль-проводов / Федосеев М.С., Спиридонов А.А., Сурков В.Д., Рябчевских Ю.В., Осипова Г.Ф., Сунцова О.Н. Заявл. 26.12.95. Опубл. 27.05.98.
15. Patent RF 2111994. МПК6 С 09 D 5/25. Jelektroizoljacionnyj lak dlja jemal’-provodov [Electrical insulating varnish for enamel wires]. Fedoseev M.S., Spiridonov A.A., Surkov V.D., Rjabchevskih Ju.V., Osipova G.F., Suncova O.N. Declared 26.12.95. Published 27.05.98. (In Russian).
16. Сычева М.В., Гарипов Р.М., Дебердеев Р.Я. Модификация эпоксидных материалов изоцианатами // Вестник Казанского технологического университета. 2009. № 6. С. 193–197.
16. Sycheva M.V., Garipov R.M., Deberdeev R.Ja. Modification of epoxy materials with isocyanates. Vestnik of the Kazan Technological University. 2009. No. 6, pp. 193–197. (In Russian).

External reinforcement systems using carbon composite materials are one of the modern methods of strengthening building structures. As the results of existing scientific research show, the component most susceptible to external factors in these systems is an epoxy adhesive. In the present work, experimental studies have been carried out in order to obtain data for the development of a standard method for accelerated assessment of the durability of building structures reinforced with external reinforcement systems with polymer composites. The importance of influencing factors such as: UV radiation; temperature; moisture and alkaline solution on the aging rate of adhesives for external reinforcement systems has been revealed. A step stress method is proposed to predict the creep of the initial and aged adhesive samples.

A.R. SHAKIROV, Graduate student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.M. SULEIMANOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, 420043, Kazan, Russian Federation)

1. SP 164.1325800.2014. Usilenie zhelezobetonnykh konstruktsiy kompozitnymi materialami [Reinfor-cement of reinforced concrete structures with composite materials]. 2014. 70 p. (In Russian).
2. Lesovik R.S., Klyuev S.S. Expansion of reinforcement of yellow concrete columns corner fabric. Innovative technological materials; collection of doctors of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod. October 11–12, 2011. Part 2, pp. 3–5. (In Russian).
3. Klyuev S.V., Rubanov V.G., Pavlenko V.I., Guryanov Yu.V., Ginzburg A.V. Calculation of carbon fiber reinforced building structures. Vestnik of the BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov. 2013. No. 5, pp. 54–56. (In Russian).
4. Shilin A.A., Pshenichny V.A., Kartuzov D.V. External reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures with composite materials. Moscow: JSC “Publishing House “Stroyizdat”. 2007. 181 p.
5. Bokarev S.A., Smerdov D.N. Experimental studies of bent reinforced concrete elements reinforced with composite materials. Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. Construction. 2010. No. 2, pp. 112–124. (In Russian).
6. Klyuev S.V. Strengthening and restoration of structures using carbon fiber-based composites. Beton i zhelezobeton. 2012. No. 3, pp. 23–26. (In Russian).
7. Ovchinnikov I.G., Valiev Sh.N., Ovchinnikov I.I., Zinoviev V.S., Umirov A.D. Issues of reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures with composites: Experimental studies of the features of reinforcement by composites of bent reinforced concrete structures. Internet-zhurnal «Naukovedenie». 2012. No. 4. http://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/13tvn412.pdf
8. Ovchinnikov I.I., Ovchinnikov I.G., Chesnokov G.V., Mikhaldykin E.S. Analysis of experimental studies on strengthening reinforced concrete structures with polymer composite materials. Part 1. Domestic experiments with static loading. Internet-zhurnal «Nauko-vedenie». 2016. Vol. 8. No. 3. http://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/24TVN316.pdf
9. Bonacci J.F., Maalej M. Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer for rehabilitation of corrosion damaged concrete beams. ACI Structural Journal. Vol. 97 (5), pp. 703–711.
10. Denvid Lau, Hoat Joen Pam. Experimental study of hybrid FRP reinforced concrete beams. Engineering Structures. 2010. Vol. 32. Iss. 12, pp. 3857–3865 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.08.028
11. Sólrún Lovísa Sveinsdóttir. Experimental research on strengthening of concrete beams by the use of epoxy adhesive and cement-based bonding material. School of Science and Engineering at Reykjavík University. Thesis in Civil Engineering for the degree of Master of Science. 2012. 108 p.
12. Benzarti K., Chataigner S., Quiertant M., Marty C., Aubagnac C. Accelerated ageing behaviour of the adhesive bond between concrete specimens and CFRP overlays. Construction and Building Materials. 2011. Vol. 25 (2), pp. 523–538. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.08
13. Benzarti K., Quiertant M., Marty C., Chataigner S., Aubagnac C. Effects of accelerated ageing on the adhesive bond between concrete specimens and external CFRP reinforcements. Conference: advances in FRP composites in civil engineering. Berlin, Heidelberg. 2011 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17487-2_84
14. Marc Quiertant, Karim Benzarti, Julien Schneider, Fabrice Landrin, Mathieu Landrin, et al. Effects of ageing on the bond properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer/concrete adhesive joints: investigation using a modified double shear test. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 2017. Vol. 45 (6). DOI: 10.1520/JTE20160587
15. Dalfré G.M., Parsekian G.A., Ferreira D.C. Degradation of the EBR-CFRP strengthening system applied to reinforced concrete beams exposed to weathering. Rev. IBRACON Estrut. Mater. 2021. Vol. 14. No. 2. e14208. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952021000200008
16. Nasser Al Nuaimi, Muazzam Ghous Sohail, Rami Hawileh, Jamal A. Abdalla, Kais Douier. Durability of reinforced concrete beams externally strengthened with cfrp laminates under harsh climatic conditions. Journal of Composites for Construction. Vol. 25. Iss. 2. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001113
17. Liu Shuai, Pan Yunfeng, Li Hedong. Durability of the bond between CFRP and concrete exposed to thermal cycles. Materials (Basel). 2019. Vol. 12 (3). 515. doi: 10.3390/ma12030515
18. Selivanova E.O., Smerdov D.N. Experimental studies of creep in composite materials reinforcing bent reinforced concrete elements / Selivanova E.O. Akademicheskii vestnik UralNIIproekt RAACS. 2017. No. 2 (33), pp. 95–99. EDN: ZAEKKP. (In Russian).
19. Smerdov D.N., Selivanova E.O. Studies of creep properties in elements of external reinforcement systems under prolonged stress. Polytransport systems: proceedings of the IX International Scientific and Technical Conference. Novosibirsk, November 17–18, 2016, pp. 53–56. EDN ZWVQHD. (In Russian).
20. Smerdov D.N. Experimental studies of the effect of temperature relaxation and stress of polymer composite materials working as part of bent reinforced concrete elements under prolonged exposure to loads. Vestnik of Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2022. Vol. 24. No. 1, pp. 150–163. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31675/1607-1859-2022-24-1-150-163. EDN: LPDOMM.
21. Leonova A.N., Sofyanikov O.D., Skripkina I.A. Features of reinforcement of metal structures with composite materials under the influence of an aggressive environment. Vestnik MGSU. 2020. Vol. 15. No. 4, pp. 496–509. (In Russian). DOI 10.22227/1997-0935.2020.4.496-509. EDN: HQPZJZ.
22. Denisova A.D., Shekhovtsov A.S., Kuzhman E.D. Influence of Temperature on tensile behavior of composite material used in strengthening reinforced concrete structures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 5, pp. 46–53. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-5-46-53. EDN: ERPSZF

The study of issues related to the development of a scientifically substantiated method of obtaining hybrid polymer composites (containing more than one type of reinforcing continuous fiber) in order to improve the stiffness characteristics of the material is an urgent task of building materials science, allowing to expand the field of effective application of polymer composites for structural purposes. Wetting of reinforcing fibers with binders during the fabrication of composites largely determines the occurrence of adhesive bonding. In this study it is revealed that wettability correlates with energy characteristics of phases (reinforcing fibers and binder); dispersion parameters of free surface energy of carbon and glass fibers without oiling composition and apprette, parameters of free surface energy of fibers with oiling compositions and apprettes are determined; wetting of fibers by epoxy resins with determination of their surface tension, parameters of free surface energies at the boundary with air is studied; the question of the separation of fibers from air is investigated.

A.I. VALIEV¹, Engineer, Graduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
I.A. STAROVOITOVA², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.M. SULEIMANOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, 420043, Russian Federation)
² LLC “Rekon” (7B, Vasilchenko Street, Kazan, 420095, Russian Federation)

1. Kablov E.N. Strategic directions of development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period up to 2030. Aviatsionnye materialy i tekhnologii. 2012. No. S, pp. 7–17. (In Russian).
2. Valiev A.I., Shakirzyanov F.R., Suleymanov A.M., Nizamov R.K. Estimation of stress-strain state of hybrid polymer composites manufactured by vacuum infusion method. Izvestiya KSUAE. 2023. No. 4 (66), pp. 241–254. (In Russian). DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2023_4_241, EDN: QQUTHA
3. Khantimirov A.G., Abdrakhmanova L.A., Nizamov R.K., Khozin V.G. Wood-polymer composites based on polyvinyl chloride reinforced with basalt fiber Izvestiya KSUAE. 2022. No. 3 (61), pp. 75–81. (In Russian). DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2022_3_75. EDN: IHYITF
4. Salakhutdinov M.A., Kayumov R.A., Aripov D.N., Khanekov A.R. Numerical study of the bearing capacity of a composite I-shaped section beam of pultruded fiberglass profiles. Izvestiya KSUAE. 2022. No. 2 (60), pp. 15–23. (In Russian). DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2022_2_15. EDN: BHRXOY
5. Kayumov R.A., Shakirzyanov F.R., Gimranov L.R., Gimazetdinov A.R. Determination of the characteristics of a viscoelastic fiberglass model based on the results of bending square section pipes. Izvestiya KSUAE. 2022. No. 2 (60), pp. 37–44. (In Russian). DOI: 10.52409/20731523_2022_2_37. EDN: BYHQBR
6. Monticelli F.M., Ornaghi-Jr. H.L., Cioffi M.O.H., Worwald H.D.K. Effect of inter-surface adhesion in carbon fiber/glass fiber hybrid epoxy composite on mode II fracture toughness. Mekhanika kompozitnykh materialov. 2022. Vol. 58. No. 2, pp. 335–352. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22364/mkm.58.2.06
7. Khozin V.G., Gizdatullin A.R., Mirsayapov I.T., Yarullin R.R., Borovskikh I.V. Combined action of epoxy composite and protective coating with cement concrete in the adhesive contact zone. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 4, pp. 24–31. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-812-4-24-31. EDN: QKBKDO
8. Valiev A.I., Suleimanov A.M. Hybrid polymer composites for structural purposes. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 12, pp. 51–57. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-12-51-57. EDN: CFFVYI
9. Deng F., Lu W., Zhao H., Zhu Y., Kim B.S., Chou T.W. The properties of dry-spun carbon nanotube fibers and their interfacial shear strength in an epoxy composite. Carbon. 2011. No. 49, pp. 1752–1757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.12.061
10. J.-K. Kim, Y.-W. Mai. Engineered interfaces in fiber reinforced composites. Elsevier. 1998. 401 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-042695-2.X5000-3
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12. Danilov V.E., Korolev E.V., Ayzenshtadt A.M., Strokova V.V. Features of the calculation of free energy of the surface based on the model for interfacial interaction of Owens–Wendt–Rabel–Kaelble. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 11, pp. 66–72. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-776-11-66-72
13. Starostina I.A., Stoyanov O.V. Development of methods for evaluation of surface acid-base properties of polymeric materials. Vestnik of the Kazan Technological University. 2010. No. 4, pp. 58–68. (In Russian).
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17. David B., Liu Y., Thomason J. An investigation of fibre sizing on the interfacial strength of glass-fibre epoxy composites. Conference: ECCM18 – 18th European Conference on Composite Materials. At: Athens, Greece. 24 June 2018. 8 p.
18. Demina N.M., Mukhanova I.E. Aqueous epoxy dispersions are effective film formers for. glass fiber. Review. Klei. Germetiki. Tekhnologii. 2017. No. 7, pp. 36–41 (In Russian). EDN: YZGKBX
19. Starovoitova I.A., Drogun A.V., Zykova E.S., Semenov A.N., Khozin V.G., Firsova E.B. Colloidal and chemical stability of aqueous dispersions of epoxy resins. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2014. No. 10, pp. 74–77 (In Russian). EDN: SVNCDR
20. Zhang Z., Fan L., Zhang J., Fei G., Xu S., Yao Y., Gao H. Glass fiber sizing agent and preparation method and application thereof. Jushi group co ltd. Patent CN 110294599 (A), 01.10.2019
21. Patent RF 2699100. Sposob polucheniya vodnoi epoksidnoi dispersii [Method of preparation of aqueous epoxy dispersion]. Semenov A.N., Starovoitova I.A. Declared 01.04.2019. Published 03.09.2019 (In Russian).
22. Markova E.O., Demina N.M. Modern glass and carbon fibers for reinforcement of polymer composites. Monthly international scientific journal «International science project». (Turku, Finland). 2018. No. 21, pp. 26–28. (In Russian).

Rheological characteristics of five road bitumens with different group composition and penetration at 25^оС from 60 to 115х0.1 mm and asphalt binders based on them with volume content of filler (mineral powder of MP1 grade) – 0.275 (mass ratio bitumen: filler – 1:1) have been determined in the range from 30 to -10^оС on dynamic shear rheometer. The influence of temperature and frequency on the parameter of interfacial interaction K-B-G* and thickness of adsorbed layer of original and thermal oxidative aging samples of asphalt mastic has been investigated. It is shown that in all samples K-B-G* decreases with decreasing temperature and increasing test frequency. A decrease in K-B-G* and adsorbed layer thickness in mastics after aging was observed in the case of bitumen with Gestel colloidal index CI=0.46–0.53, defined as CI=(S+A)(/R+Ar), and was stability of K-B-G* and adsorbed layer thickness in the case of bitumen with CI=0.61. No relationship was found between group chemical composition of bitumen and adsorbed layer thickness in original mastics. In aged mastic the greater thickness of adsorbed layer has samples based on bitumen with higher content of asphaltenes. The peculiarities of fatigue behavior of bitumen and mastic in the linear amplitude sweep test were investigated. The correlation between the thickness of the adsorbed layer and the angle of slope of the curves of dependence of the maximum shear stress (τmax) on the complex modulus (G*) was noted for aged samples.

.V. DUDAREVA, Senior Researcher (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.A. KRASOTKINA, Senior Researcher,
V. N. GORBATOVA, Junior Researcher,
I.V. GORDEEVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS (4, Kosygina Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

1. Lu Y., Wang L.B. Molecular dynamics simulation to characterize asphalt–aggregate interfaces. In: Ebook Characterization and Behavior of Interfaces. Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 2008, pp. 125–130. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-491-7-125
2. Kоролев И.В. Модель строения битумной пленки на минеральных зернах в асфальтобетоне //Известия высших учебных заведений. Строительство и архитектура. 1981. Т. 8. С. 63–67.
2. Korolev I.V. Model of the structure of a bitumen film on mineral grains in asphalt concrete. Izvestiya of the higher educational institutions. Construction and architecture. 1981. Vol. 8, pp. 63–67. (In Russian).
3. Guo M., Tan Y., Yu J., Hou Y., Wang L. A direct characterization of interfacial interaction between asphalt binder and mineral fillers by atomic force microscopy. Materials and Structures. 2017. Vol. 50. 141. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1015-9
4. Zhang J., Airey G.D., Grenfell J.R. A. Experimental evaluation of cohesive and adhesive bond strength and fracture energy of bitumen-aggregate systems. Materials and Structures. 2016. Vol. 49, pp. 2653–2667. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0674-7
5. Chen H., Bahia H.U. Modelling effects of aging on asphalt binder fatigue using complex modulus and the LAS test. International Journal of Fatigue. 2021. Vol. 146. 106150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2021.106150
6. Xu W., Qiu X., Xiao S., Hong H., Wang F., Yuan J. Characteristics and mechanisms of asphalt–filler interactions from a multi-scale perspective. Materials. 2020. Vol. 13. 2744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122744
7. Alfaqawi R.M., Airey G.D., Presti D.Lo., Grenfell J. Effects of mineral fillers on bitumen mastic chemistry and rheology. In book: Transport Infrastructure and Systems. 2017, pp. 359–364. Publisher: proceedings of the Aiit International Congress on Transport Infrastructure and Systems (Tis 2017). Rome, Italy. 10–12 April 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315281896-48
8. Tanakizadeh A., Shafabakhsh Gh. Viscoelastic characterization of aged asphalt mastics using typical performance grading tests and rheological-micromechanical models. Construction and Building Materials. 2018. Vol. 188, pp. 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.043
9. Li F., Yang Y. Understanding the temperature and loading frequency effects on physicochemical interaction ability between mineral filler and asphalt binder using molecular dynamic simulation and rheological experiments. Construction and Building Materials. 2020. Vol. 244. 118311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118311
10. Guo M., Tan Y. Interaction between asphalt and mineral fillers and its correlation to mastics’ viscoelasticity. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2019. Vol. 22 (1), pp. 1–10 DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2019.1575379
11. Clopotel C.S., Bahia H. The effect of bitumen polar groups adsorption on mastics properties at low temperatures. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2013. Vol. 14, pp. 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.774745
12. Chen M., Javilla B., Hong W., Pan C., Riara M., Mo L., Guo M. Rheological and interaction analysis of asphalt binder, mastic and mortar. Materials. 2019. Vol. 12 (1). 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12010128
13. Wu W., Jiang W., Yuan D., Lu R., Shan J., Xiao J., Ogbon A.W. A review of asphalt-filler interaction: mechanisms, evaluation methods, and influencing factors. Construction and Building Materials. 2021. Vol. 299. 124279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124279
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The paper covers current trends in the development of facade systems. Modern innovative hinged panels made of glass fiber reinforced concrete and polyurethane foam with integrated clinker products are considered. An analysis of the defects identified during the inspection of the panels was carried out. Possible mechanisms of their damage are described. The most likely cause of damage to clinker products integrated into panels are tensile and shear stresses resulting from differences in temperature deformations of clinker and glass fiber reinforced concrete. An analysis of the stress state of these materials at positive and negative temperatures was performed. The results of experimental studies are presented. Installing a damping layer of deformable material might be the way to compensate the stresses between clinker products and glass fiber reinforced concrete. An analysis of the stress state of the connection of ceramic tiles with polyurethane foam is given. It is shown that due to the significant difference in their temperature deformations, a concentration of shear stresses is observed in the contact zone, resulting in delamination of the tiles. The paper discusses the potential implication of the described panels and their possible further improvement.

R.B. ORLOVICH¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.S. GORSHKOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
N.N. SHANGINA³, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.M. KHARITONOV⁴, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ LLC «Georekonstruktsiya» (4, Izmailovskiy Avenue, Saint-Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)
² Saint Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design (18, Bolshaya Morskaya Street, Saint-Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation)
³ LLC «AGIO» (108, Embankment of the Fontanka river, Saint-Petersburg, 190013, Russian Federation)
⁴ Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, 2-nd Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, Saint-Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)

1. Kania T., Derkach V., Nowak R. Testing crack resistance of non-load-bearing ceramic walls with door openings. Materials. 2021. Vol. 14. No. 6. DOI: 10.3390/ma14061379
2. Derkach V. Numerical studies of the coefficient of the degree of pinching of hollow-core precast slabs in stone walls. Contemporary Issues of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete. 2019. No. 11, pp. 25–35. DOI: 10.35579/2076-6033-2019-11-02
3. Nowak R., Kania T., Derkach V., Halaliuk A., Orłowicz R., Jaworski R., Ekiert E. Strength parameters of clay brick walls with various directions of force. Materials. 2021. Vol. 14. No. 21. DOI: 10.3390/ma14216461
4. Derkach V.N., Gorshkov A.S., Orlovich R.B. Problems of crack resistance of wall filling of frame buildings of cellular concrete blocks. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 3, pp. 52–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-768-3-52-56 (In Russian).
5. Orlovich R.B., Gorshkov А.S., Derkach V.N., Zimin S.S., Grawit M.N. Causes of damage to masonry after restoration. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2022. No. 1, pp. 48–58. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2022-99-1-48-58
6. Orlovich R.B., Gorshkov A.S., Zimin S.S. Application of stones with high voidity in the facing layer of multilayer walls. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2013. No. 8 (43), pp. 14–23. (In Russian). DOI: 10.5862/MCE.43.3
7. Ishchuk M.K., Ishchuk E.M., Ayzyatulin H.A., Cheremnykh V.A. Defects of external walls with a facing layer of hollow bricks. Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitel’stvo. 2022. No. 4, pp. 29–35. (In Russian). DOI: 10.33622/0869-7019.2022.04.29-35
8. Ishchuk M.K. Causes of defects in external walls with a facing layer of brickwork. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2008. No. 3, pp. 28–31. (In Russian).
9. Ishchuk M.K. Analysis of the stress-strain state of the masonry facing layer of external walls. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2008. No. 4, pp. 23–28. (In Russian).
10. Ishchuk M.K. Accounting for the joint work of brickwork of the front layer of external walls and the floor slab. Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitel’stvo. 2018. No. 6, pp. 50–56. (In Russian).
11. Panchenko L.A., Erizhokova E.S. Glass fiber reinforced concrete in thin-walled structures. Vestnik of the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov. 2019. No. 4, pp. 70–76. (In Russian). DOI: 10.34031/article_5cb1e65c9f1f72.39954168
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13. Minko N.I., Bessmertny V.S., Zdorenko N.M., Bondarenko M.A., Isaenko E.E., Tarasova E.E., Makarov A.V., Cherkasov A.V. Environmental aspects of using broken glass for the production of glass concrete. Steklo i keramika. 2023. Vol. 96. No. 6 (1146), pp. 30–40. (In Russian). DOI: 10.14489/glc.2023.06.pp. 030-040
14. Tran Y.D.T., Zenitova L.A., Hoang T.D., Do T.H., Cuong V.T. Thermal characterizations of polymer composite materials polyurethane foam-chitin. ChemChemTech. 2023. Vol. 66. No. 6, pp. 111–122. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20236606.6719
15. Efimov B.A., Ushakov A.Yu., Tyakina A.M., Minaeva A.M. Structure and thermophysical characteristics of gas-filled polymers. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 11, pp. 81–85. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-808-11-81-85
16. Gorshkov A.S., Vatin N.I., Datsyuk T.A., Bezru-kov A.Yu., Nemova D.V., Kakula P., Viitanen A. Album of technical solutions for the use of thermal insulation products made of polyurethane foam in construction residential, public and industrial buildings. Stroitel’stvo unikal’nykh zdaniy i sooruzheniy. 2014. No. 5 (20), pp. 71–441. (In Russian).
17. Shangina N., Kharitonov A. Glass fibre reinforced concrete as a material for large hanging ceiling designs in underground station restorations. Concrete in the Low Carbon Era: Proceedings of the International Conference. University of Dundee. 9–11 July 2012, pp. 823–831.
18. Smirnova O.M., Kharitonov A.M. Strength and strain-stress properties of fiber concrete with macro-fiber on the basis of polyolefins. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 12, pp. 44–48. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-766-12-44-48
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21. Derkach V. The Influence of temperature impact on the strength of adhesion of polyurethane glue-foam with masonry products. E3S Web of Conferences. Brest. 2020. 02006. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202021202006

A substantiation is given for the prospects of using clinker large-format ceramic stones of increased hollowness with a water absorption of less than 3% in construction. It has been shown that due to the high strength of the ceramic material itself (more than 100–150 MPa), ceram-ic stones will have the necessary strength – more than 10–15 MPa in terms of compressive strength. Due to the increased void content with as many rows of voids as possible per 100 mm length of the ceramic stone and a smaller thickness of the internal walls, the stones will have reduced thermal conductivity. Due to the low porosity of clinker ceram-ics as a material and the use of appropriate masonry mortars, masonry made of clinker stones will be guaranteed not to be vapor permeable, which will significantly increase the service life of buildings. When us-ing certain technological techniques, namely the application of cham-fers, relief, engobes on the front faces, large-format high-hollow clinker stones can also play the role of facing products, which will significantly increase their consumer attractiveness. With an increase in the hollow-ness of stones, the costs of mass preparation, drying and firing of products are proportionally reduced, which significantly reduces their cost. It has been shown that the “ideal” raw material for producing clinker large-format ceramic stones can be stone-like clay raw materials – argillite-like clays, argillites, shales and their transitional varieties. When grinding them and preparing molding masses, due to the for-mation of a certain grain composition and the introduction of corrective microadditives, it is possible to obtain molding masses with optimal pre-firing technological properties and a clinker shard with water ab-sorption of up to 3% and a compressive strength of up to 200 using one raw material. MPa, bending strength up to 50 MPa.

K.M. UZHAKHOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.V. KOTLYAR², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Ingush State University, (7, I.B. Zyazikova Avenue, Magas, Republic of Ingushetia, 386001, Russian Federation)
² Don State Technical University (1, Gagarina Square, Rostov-on-Don 344003, Russian Federation)

1. Zabalueva T.R. Istoriya arkhitektury i stroitel’noi tekhniki [History of architecture and construction technology]. Moscow: Eksmo. 2007. 736 р.
2. Kotlyar V.D., Terekhina Yu.V., Lapunova K.A. Technology and special features for the production of large-format ceramic stones based on of gaize rocks. Sovremennye tendentsii v stroitel’stve, gradostroitel’stve i planirovke territorii. 2023. No. 4, pp. 46–58. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.23947/2949-1835-2023-2-4-46-58
3. Semenov A.A. Some trends in the development of the ceramic wall materials market in Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 4, pp. 4–5. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-801-4-4-5
4. Kotlyar V.D., Ustinov A.V., Kovalev V.Yu., Terekhi-na Yu.V., Kotlyar A.V. Ceramic stones of compression molding based on flasks and coal preparation waste. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 4, pp. 44–48. (In Russian).
5. Semenov A.A. Russian market of ceramic bricks. Development trends and prospects. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 12, pp. 4–5. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-787-12-4-5
6. Bozhko Yu.A., Kotlyar V.D., Rogochaya M.V. Comparative effectiveness of using wall products with a density of less than 800 kg/m³ in construction. Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyj vestnik Prikaspiya. 2015. No. 4 (14), pp. 46–51. (In Russian).
7. Pastushkov P.P., Pavlenko N.V., Smirnov S.I. Research of the influence of various factors on the thermal conductivity of large-format vertically perforated clay blocks. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 5, pp. 53–57. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-813-5-53-57
8. Kotlyar V.D., Uzhakhov K.M., Kotlyar A.V., Terekhina Yu.V. Clinker brick: standardization, properties, application. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 5, pp. 4–8. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-813-5-4-8
9. Berkman A.S. Poristaya pronitsaemaya keramika [Porous permeable ceramics]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1969. 170 р.
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11. Dmitriev K.S. Development of a method for designing raw material mixtures in aerated ceramic technology. Cand. Diss. (Engineering). Sankt-Petersburg. 2024. 167 p. (In Russian).
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13. Yashchenko R.A., Kotlyar V.D. The use of straw as a burn-out additive in high-performance ceramics. Collection of materials of the XVIII International Scientific and Technical Conference «Current problems of construction, construction industry and industry». Tula. 2017. Vol. 1, pp. 235–237. (In Russian).
14. Rogochaya M.V., Galkina K.S., Kotlyar V.D. Use of carbonate flasks and coal slurries for the production of ceramic stones. Collection of materials of the XVIII International Scientific and Technical Conference «Current problems of construction, construction industry and industry». Tula. 2017. Vol. 1, pp. 141–143.
15. Uzhakhov K.M., Kotlyar A.V. Clinker large-format ceramic stones with a honeycomb structure based on mudstones. Collection of materials of the III All-Russian scientific conference «Building materials science: present and future». Moscow. Vol. 1, pp. 308–311. https://mgsu.ru/resources/izdatelskaya-deyatelnost/izdaniya/izdaniya-otkr-dostupa/. (In Russian).
16. Kabirov R.R., Garipov L. N., Faseeva G. R., Nafikov R. M., Lapuk S. E., Zakharov Yu. A. Prototyping of ultrasonic die for extrusion of ceramic brick. Glass and Ceramics. 2017. Vol. 90. No. 3 (74), pp. 16–22.
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18. Uzhakhov K.M., Kotlyar A.V. Raw material base of the Republic of Ingushetia for the production of clinker bricks. Proceedings of the III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference with international participation «Actual issues of modern construction of industrial regions of Russia». Novokuznetsk. 2022, pp. 225–228. (In Russian).
19. Orlova M.E. Research of the Nekrasovskoye mudstone deposit as a raw material for the production of clinker ceramic tiles. Engineering Vestnik of the Don. Online publication. 2024. No. 3. (In Russian). http://www.ivdon.ru/ru/magazine/archive/n3y2024/9072
20. Kotlyar A.V., Stolboushkin A.Yu. Evaluation of the Dakhovsky mudstones of the Western Caucasus for the production of building ceramics. Proceedings of the III All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation «Topical issues of modern construction of industrial regions of Russia». Novokuznetsk. 2022, pp. 147–151. (In Russian).
21. Kotlyar A.V., Nebezhko Yu.I., Bozhko Yu.A., Yashchen-ko R.A., Nebezhko N.I., Kotlyar V.D. Clinker brick based on screenings crushing of sandstones of the Rostov region. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 8, pp. 9–15. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-783-8-9-15

The article analyses the experience of enhancing energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the ceramic production. Calculations and assessments are made using the example of the industrial site of Wienerberger Brick LLC, located in the Vladimir region, where large-format ceramic stones are produced. Authors emphasize that ceramic production is a branch of energy and carbon intensive industrial sectors, for which in various countries and regions, programmes and projects aimed at reducing energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases are developed and implemented. The article presents estimated global average data and data obtained as a result of carbon intensity benchmarking conducted within the course of reviewing of the Russian national Reference Document on Best Available Techniques “Ceramic manufacturing industry”) ITS 4-2023. Authors analyse the energy efficiency enhancement programme implemented by Wienerberger Brick LLC, and calculate energy-related emissions of greenhouse gases for 2015–2022. They demonstrate that the enterprise managed to achieve a significant reduction in energy and carbon intensity. It attained parameters that are significantly lower than the industry average, as well as the so-called indicative greenhouse gas emissions indicators established to encourage Russian enterprises to implement green projects. Authors conclude that experience described can be replicated by other companies, including those applying for government support measures for projects aimed at the implementation of Best Available Techniques, enhancement of energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gases emissions.

A.I. ZAKHAROV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
S.I. SMIRNOV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
S.V. CHERKASSKAYA³, Researcher (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
T.V. GUSEVA³, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (125047, Russia, Moscow, Miusskaya sq, 9)
² Limited Liability Company «Wienerberger Brick» (107140, Russia, Moscow, Rusakovskaya st., 13)
³ Federal State Autonomous Institution «Research Institute «Environmental Industrial Policy Center» (115054, Russia, Moscow, Stremyannyi alleyway, 38)

1. Rattle I., Gailani A., Taylor P.G. Decarbonization strategies in industry: going beyond clusters. Sustainability Science. 2024. Vol. 19, pp. 105–123. DOI: 10.1007/s11625-023-01313-4
2. Bashmakov I.A. The Scale of Efforts Needed to Decarbonize Global Industry. Fundamental’naya i prikladnaya klimatologiya. 2022. Vol. 8. No. 2, pp. 151–174. (In Russian). DOI: 10.21513/2410-8758-2022-2-151-174
3. Ceramic Roadmap to 2050. Continuing our path towards climate neutrality. URL: https://www.ceramicroadmap2050.eu/chapters/continuing-our-path-towards-climate-neutrality/
4. Jajal P., Tibrewal K., Mishra T., Venkataraman C. Economic assessment of climate mitigation pathways (2015–2050) for the brick sector in India. Climate Change Signals and Response. 2019. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0280-0
5. Roadmap for a greenhouse gas neutral brick and roof tile industry in germany. transition of the german brick and roof tile industry to greenhouse gas neutrality by 2050, 2020. URL: https://cerameunie.eu/media/2987/roadmap-2050-bricks-roof-tile-full-version-de.pdf
6. IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Volume 3. Revised in 2023. Industrial Processes and Product Use. URL: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol3.html
7. Sazedj S., Morais A.J., Jalali S. Comparison of embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions of brick and concrete based on functional units. London, 2021. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/62468024.pdf
8. Ceramic manufacturing industry ITS 4-2023: Reference document on best available techniques / Federal Agency for Technical Ruegulation and Metrology. Official edition. Moscow: BAT Bureau, 2023. 319 p. (In Russian).
9. First CO₂-neutral brick production line launched in Kortemark. Ceramic World Web. URL: https://ceramicworldweb.com/en/news/wienerberger-first-co2-neutral-brick-production-line-launched-kortemark
10. Skobelev D.O., Stepanova M.V. Energeticheskii menedzhment: prochtenie 2020 [Energy Management: Interpretation 2020]. Moscow: Kolorit, 2020. 92 p. URL: http://ecoline.ru/wp-content/uploads/energy-management-2020.pdf
11. Green construction in Russia. Energosberezhenie. 2021. No. 3 (8). URL: https://nplus1.ru/material/2023/12/11/green-building. (In Russian).
12. Bashmakov I.A., Potapova E.N., Borisov K.B., Lebedev O.V., Guseva T.V. Decarbonization of the cement industry and development of environmental and energy management systems. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 9, pp. 4–12. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-817-9
13. Zakharov A.I., Golub O.V., Sanzharovskiy A.Yu., Mikhailidi D.Kh. Ceramic manufacturing industry in russia. the role of the reference document on best available techniques as a modernization tool. Tekhnika i tekhnologioya silikatov. 2023. Vol. 30. No. 3, pp. 241–251. (In Russian).
14. Dobrokhotova M.V., Matushanskiy A.V. Implementation of best available techniques the purpose of technological transformation of industry in the context of the energy transition. Economika ustoichivogo razvitiya. 2022. No. 2 (50), pp. 63–68. (In Russian).
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18. Guseva T.V., Volosatova A.A., Tikhonova I.O. Directions for improving the taxonomy of green projects for sustainable industrial development. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. 2022. Vol. 24. No. 5 (109), pp. 28–35. (In Russian).

Industrial waste, with an in-depth study of its resource capacity, physico-chemical and technological properties, is a valuable raw material for construction ceramics. The possibility of replacing high-quality clays in technologies for producing clarified ceramic bricks and effective wall ceramics using high-calcium waste generated during water purification by liming in thermal power engineering, chemical and other enterprises has been established. The obtained physicochemical patterns of formation on their basis of the structure and properties of a ceramic composite provide a scientific basis for the use of typical waste, in these studies, dust from electric precipitators of cement production. The role of aluminum-containing waste generated during the electrolysis of molten aluminum in regulating the technological properties of the masses and firing properties of clinker bricks has been revealed, which allows the use of low-grade clays for its production. Scientific research and recommendations on the use of various industrial wastes not only for the purpose of recycling, but also for the use of their valuable properties associated with the chemical composition, behavior in heat treatment, reactivity, the possibility of strengthening due to the formation of a controlled structure of the material, help slow down the process of decline reserves of high-quality clay raw materials.

N.D. YATSENKO, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.I. YATSENKO, Engineer (yacencko This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

South Russian State Polytechnic University (Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute) named after M.I. Platov (132, Prosveshcheniya Street, Novocherkassk, 346428, Rostov region, Russian Federation)

1. Chanturiya V.A., Gorlova O.E. Development of technological innovations for deep and complex processing of technogenic raw materials. Izvestiya of the TulSU. Nauki i Zemli. 2020. Iss. 1, pp. 159–168. (In Russian).
2. Makarov D.V., Melkonyan R.V., Suvorova O.V. Prospects for the use of industrial waste to produce ceramic building materials. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii byulleten. 2016. No. 5, pp. 254–281. (In Russian).
3. Fomenko A.I., Kaptushina A.G., Gryzlov V.S. Expansion of the raw material base for building ceramics. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 12, pp. 25–27. (In Russian).
4. Yatsenko N.D., Vil’bitskaya N.A., Yatsenko A.I., Stovba A.I., Shmatov V.V. Industrial waste and its role in the formation of the structure of effective wall ceramics. Science and innovation – modern concepts: Sat. scientific Articles. International scientific forum. Moscow. 2020. Vol. 1, pp. 113–119. (In Russian).
5. Yatsenko N.D., Vil’bitskaya N.A., Yatsenko A.I. Features of the formation of the phase composition and properties of high-calcium low-density ceramics based on clay raw materials of various chemical and mineralogical compositions. Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. North Caucasus region. Technical science. 2021. No. 2, pp. 75–80. (In Russian). DOI: 10.17213/1560-3644-2021-2-75-80
6. Pavlov V.F. Method of involving industrial waste in the production of building materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2003. No. 8, pp. 28–30. (In Russian).
7. Buravchuk N.I., Guryanova O.V., Parinov I.A. Use of technogenic raw materials in ceramic technology. Open Ceramics. 2024. Vol. 18. 100578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceram.2024.100578
8. Abdrakhimova E.S. Use of waste from the fuel and energy complex – burnt rocks and chromite ore enrichment waste in the production of porous aggregates based on a liquid-glass composition. Ugol’. 2019. No. 7, pp. 67–69. (In Russian). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18796/0041-5790-2019-7-67-69
9. Fedorova N.V., Shaforost D.A. Prospects for the use of fly ash from thermal power plants in the Rostov region. Teploenergetika. 2015. No. 1, pp. 53–58. (In Russian). DOI: 10.1134/S0040363615010038
10. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Akst D.V., Fomina O.A. Phase composition and properties of ceramic matrix composites with the addition of ferrovanadium slag. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 4, pp. 17–24. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-801-4-17-24
11. Kotlyar V.D., Ustinov A.V., Kovalev V.Yu. Ceramic stones of compression molding based on flasks and coal preparation waste. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 4, pp. 44–46. (In Russian).
12. Yatsenko N.D., Vil’bitskaya N.A., Yatsenko A.I. Formation of the structure and properties of effective wall ceramics based on metallurgical waste. Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. North Caucasus region. Technical science. 2019. No. 2, pp. 43–47. (In Russian). DOI: 10.17213/0321-2653-2019-2-43-47
13. Yatsenko N.D., Vil’bitskaya N.A., Yatsenko A.I., Popova L.D. Phase composition and properties of the low-temperature structural ceramics in the clay-calcium containing. Materials Science Forum. Materials and Technologies in Construction and Architecture II. 2019. Kislovodsk, pp. 331–335. (In Russian).
14. Luginina I.G. Khimiya i khimicheskaya tekhnologiya neorganicheskikh vyazhushchikh materialov [Chemistry and chemical technology of inorganic binders]. Belgorod: Publishing house of the BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov. 2004. 240 р.
15. Buruchenko A.E., Musharapova S.I. Construction ceramics using loams and aluminum production waste. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2010. No. 12, pp. 28–30. (In Russian).
16. Abdrakhimov V.Z. Application of aluminum-containing waste in the production of ceramic materials for various purposes. Novye ogneupory. 2013. No. 1, pp. 13–23. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2013-1-13-23

The article reflects the topic of the shortage of raw materials for the production of face bricks of light colors. This problem has particularly affected producers in the European part of Russia due to the cessation of clay supplies from the territory of Donbass. Therefore, one of the relevant directions is the search for alternative sources of raw materials. The accumulated experience and laboratory tests have shown the possibility of producing light bricks using marl. As components of the ceramic mass, clays from the Vladimirovsky deposit in the Rostov region of the East Kazakhstan region, charge and marl KO-2 were also accepted from deposits in the Rostov region. By changing the percentage of marl and refractory clay and the firing temperature, it is possible to adjust the color of the fired products, as well as water absorption, average density, strength of products and their shrinkage. Industrial tests conducted on the basis of two brick factories in Rostov-on-Don and the region showed positive results. The use of marl ranged from 40 to 70% of the total weight. Clay from the East Kazakhstan region Vladimirovskoye deposit in the amount of 30 to 60%, respectively, acted as a plastic component. The brick turned out to be light beige to light yellow in color. One of the factories launched the “Svetly” brick into mass production. The material fully meets the requirements of GOST 530–2012. Thus, the problem of the shortage of light clays can be solved by using alternative raw materials – marl. The introduction of 50 to 70% of the mass into the composition is particularly effective. Preliminary calculations show the profitability of the technology by saving raw materials up to 20–25%, while increasing the aesthetic characteristics of the front brick.

Yu.A. BOZHKO¹, Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
M.Yu. PARTYSHEV² (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Brick-Design LLC (344030, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)
² Individual entrepreneur (Novocherkassk, Russian Federation)

1. Semenov A.A. Some trends in the development of the ceramic wall materials market in Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 4, pp. 4–5. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-801-4-4-5
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