The possibility of using 3-component charges in the production of wall ceramics by semi-dry pressing from aluminosilicate loams in a composition with ash and slag waste from CHP plants, cullet and silica gel obtained by the sol-gel method is considered. The physicochemical processes and phase formations occurring in the production of ceramic materials using WCO at the firing stage have been studied. It was found that the introduction of fluxes in the form of cullet and silica gel reduces the temperature of heat treatment and are intensifiers of mineral neoplasms that increase mechanical strength compared with samples made from 2-component compositions «loam + ASW».

V.A. GUR’EVA¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.V. DOROSHIN², Graduate Student

¹ Orenburg State University (13, Pobedy Avenue, 460018, Orenburg, Russian Federation)
² Buzuluk Humanitarian and Technological Institute (branch) of OSU (112, Komsomolskaya Street, 461040, Buzuluk, Russian Federation)

1. Egorova A.D., Kolesov M.V., Mikhailov D.A. Construction ceramics from raw materials from Yakutia, modified with cullet. Fundamentals of construction materials science: Collection of reports of the International Online Congress. October 06–11, 2017. Belgorod: BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov, pp. 975–980. EDN: YLPFUD (In Russian).
2. Gur’eva V.A., Doroshin A.V., Dubinetskiy V.V. Research in influence of modifying additives on frost resistance and properties of ceramics. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 8, pp. 52–56. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-762-8-52-56
3. Zhernovaya N.F., Doroganov E.A., Zhernovoy F.E., Stepina I.N. Study of materials obtained by sintering in the “clay – cullet” system. Vestnik of the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov. 2013. No. 1, pp. 20–23. EDN: PUOLAT (In Russian).
4. Eromasov R.G., Nikiforova E.M., Stupko T.V. et al. Efficiency of using quartz-containing man-made products for the production of ceramic building materials. Fundamental’nyye issledovaniya. 2013. No. 4–1, pp. 24–29. EDN: PUUHJN (In Russian).
5. Lazareva Ya.V., Kotlyar A.V., Yashchenko R.A., Orlova M.E. The influence of cullet on the sintering ability of argillite-like clays. Resursoenergoeffektivnyye tekhnologii v stroitel’nom komplekse regiona. 2018. No. 9, pp. 114–118. EDN: XRHTPV. (In Russian).
6. Patent for invention RU 2240294 C2. Sposob izgotovleniya stenovykh keramicheskikh izdeliy [Method for manufacturing wall ceramic products] Gabidullin M.G., Rakhimov R.Z., Garipov R.R., Mavlyuberdinov A.R., Faezov R.U., Zaripov T.I., Valiullin R.G., Gorbach R.M., Arslanov Sh.Yu. Application No. 2003104540/03. Dated 14/02/2003. (In Russian).
7. Balkevich V.L., Belyakov A.V., Safronova T.A. Synthesis of disaggregated fine mullite powder by chemical methods. Steklo i keramika. 1985. No. 5, pp. 25–27. (In Russian).
8. Kumar Saha S., Pramamik P. Aqueous sol-gel synthesis of mullite powder by using aluminium oxalate and tetraethoxysilane. Journal of Materials Science. 1994. Vol. 29 (13), pp. 3425–3429. DOI: 10.1007/BF00352044
9. Phulé P.P., Wood T.E. Ceramics and glasses, sol-gel synthesis of. Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology (Second Edition). 2001, pp. 1090–1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043152-6/00201-1
10. Mararakin M.D., Vartanyan M.A., Makarov N.A., Sazhin I.V. Synthesis of sol-gel by the method of additives of eutectic composition for ceramics based on silicon carbide. Steklo i keramika. 2017. No. 9, pp. 25–27. (In Russian).
11. Guryeva V.A., Doroshin A.V. Sol-gel technology in the production of wall ceramics using technogenic raw materials using the example of ash and slag waste from thermal power plants. In the collection: Traditions and innovations in construction and architecture. Construction and construction technologies. Collection of articles of the 78th All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference. Edited by M.V. Shuvalova, A.A. Pishchuleva, A.K. Strelkova. Samara. 2021, pp. 876–883. (In Russian).
12. Delitsyn L.M., Vlasov A.S. The need for new approaches to the use of ash from coal-fired thermal power plants. Teploenergetika. 2010. No. 4, pp. 49–55. EDN: MSUSOH (In Russian).
13. Kara-Sal B.K.O., Irgit B.B., Saryg-Ool S.M.O., Saryglar A.Sh. Increasing the porosity of ceramic wall materials with the introduction of cattle feces into the mixture. Vestnik of the Tuvan State University. No. 3. Technical and physical and mathematical sciences. 2022. No. 1 (90), pp. 6–16. (In Russian). DOI: 10.24411/2221-0458-2022-90-06-16. EDN: FKTFJR

опThe article discusses the issues of assessing the properties of loams and selecting the composition of molding compounds based on them for the production of ceramic bricks using the soft molding method. It is noted that for soft molding technology, to date, no recommendations have been developed for the evaluation of raw materials with the establishment of relationships between the composition, technological properties, molding features and aesthetic features of the front edges of products. According to technological features, the method of soft molding of ceramic bricks is conventionally divided into 4 methods: manual molding, accelerated molding, pressing method and vibration molding method. The results of our work made it possible to identify the main indicators when assessing clay raw materials and to develop the basic principles for selecting the composition of molding masses. Thus, the critical compression stress and the degree of deformation of the workpieces should be on average 0.2–0.8 kg/cm² and 3–5 units, respectively. In this case, the molding masses should have the minimum possible water content and stickiness, have minimal air shrinkage (less than 6–7%), and be slightly or moderately sensitive to drying. An algorithm has been developed for selecting molding compounds, including determination, in addition to generally accepted indicators, such as the degree of deformation and critical compressive stress at different water contents, specific penetration resistance, determination of the optimal electrolyte content, and stickiness. For typical loams, the dependences of the degree of deformation of the samples and the critical compressive stress on the water content of the molding masses are shown, as well as the influence of electrolytes on the water content. It has been shown that the introduction of electrolytes can significantly reduce the water content of molding masses. It is noted that the genesis of loams, their variable composition and the frequent presence of undesirable harmful impurities predetermined the situation that high-quality loams that meet the necessary requirements are quite rare and the only alternative can be the selection of compositions of molding compounds based on correct scientific and methodological approach.сание

Yu.I. NEBEZHKO, Engineer, Graduate student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.D. KOTLYAR, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor, Head of the Department of Construction Materials (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don State Technical University (1, Gagarina Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344003, Russian Federation)

1. Meskhi B.Ch., Bozhko Yu.A., Terekhina Yu.V., Lapunova K.A. Brick-design and its main elements. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 8, pp. 47–51. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-783-8-47-51
2. Bozhko Y.A, Lapunova K.A., Ovdun D.A. Evaluation of the Aesthetic and Decorative Properties of Ceramic Bricks. XV International Scientific Conference «Interagromash 2022». Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. 2023. Vol. 575. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21219-2_344.
3. Gerard C.J. Lynch. Brickwork: History, technology and practice: Vol. 2. Routledge, 2015. 220 р. ISBN 1317741293, 9781317741299
4. Bozhko Y.A, Lapunova K.A. Application of facing brick of soft moulding in modern architecture. Dizain. Materialy. Tekhnologiya. 2018. No. 1, pp. 61–65. (In Russian).
5. Fedosov S.V., Kenewei E. Lapidus A.A. In search of innovative materials for mass construction of low-rise buildings in the Republic of Chad. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 5, pp. 72–78. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-813-5-72-78
6. Frolov V.T. Litologiya. Kniga 2. [Lithology. Book 2]. Moscow: Moscow State University. 1993. 432 p.
7. Industry standard 21-78–88 «The raw material is clay (rocks) for the production of ceramic bricks and stones. Technical requirements. Test methods». Moscow: All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Building Materials. 1988. 59 p. (In Russian).
8. Kondratenko V.A. Keramicheskie stenovye materialy: optimizatsiya ikh fiziko-tekhnicheskikh svoistv i tekhnologicheskikh parametrov proizvodstva [Ceramic wall materials: optimization of their physical and technical properties and technological production parameters]. Moscow: Composite. 2005. 509 p.
9. Nebezhko Yu.I., Lapunova K.A. Features of the front surface of soft molded ceramic bricks. III All-Russian Scientific Conference «Construction Materials Science: Present and Future». Moscow. 2023. Vol. 1, pp. 210–216. (In Russian).
10. Kotlyar V.D., Yavruyan Kh.S., Bozhko Y.A., Nebezhko N.I. Features of the production of ceramic facing brick soft molding on the basis of opoka-like rocks. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 12, pp. 18–22. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-777-12-18-22
11. Nebezhko Yu.I. Structural features of ceramic masses based on loams and refractory clays in the production of soft molded bricks. XVIII International Scientific and Technical Conference of Young Scientists, dedicated to the memory of Professor V.I. Kalashnikov «Theory and practice of increasing the efficiency of building materials». Penza. 2023. Vol. 1, pp. 150–157. (In Russian).
12. Guzman P.Ya. Khimicheskaya tekhnologiya keramiki [Chemical technology of ceramics]. Moscow: Stroymaterialy. 2003. 496 p.
13. Händle F. Extrusion in ceramics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York. 2007. 470 p.
14. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Fomina O.A, Shevchenko V.V., Berdov G.I., Druzhinin M.S., Kambalina I.V. Study of the operational properties of ceramic bricks with a matrix structure. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 9, pp. 9–13. (In Russian).
15. Kotlyar A.V., Stolboushkin A.Yu. Evaluation of clay shales from coal waste heaps in the Rostov region for the production of building ceramics. VI International Scientific and Practical Conference «Quality. Technologies. Innovation». Novosibirsk. 2023. 1 CD-ROM, pp. 4–11. (In Russian).
16. Gur’eva V.A., Doroshin A.V. Application of theoretical calculations in the selection of ceramic masses for the production of ceramic bricks using the example of the Buguruslan deposit. All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation «Current problems of integration of science and education in the region». Buzuluk. 2023. Vol. 1, pp. 250–255. (In Russian).
17. Kotlyar V.D., Nebezhko N.I., Bozhko Yu.A. Study of clay-carbonate types of opoka-like rocks as raw materials for producing light-colored clinker bricks. I All-Russian scientific conference dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the outstanding materials scientist, academician of the RAASN Yu.M. Bazhenov «Construction materials science: present and future». Moscow. 2020. Vol. 1, pp. 265–269. (In Russian).
18. Sizova A.V., Shoeva T.E., Storozhenko G.I. Shock wave activation of clay raw materials in the production of ceramic materials. 5th International Scientific and Practical Conference «Resource Conservation and Ecology of Building Materials, Products and Structures». Kursk. 2022. Vol. 1, pp. 264–267. (In Russian).
19. Ezersky V.A. Clinker. Technology and properties. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 4, pp. 79–81. (In Russian).

It has been presented the results of studies on reducing the average density of ceramic wall materials through the use of ash granules. The chemical, granulometric, and mineral compositions of clay raw materials and fly ash are given. It has been considered the compositions of ceramic charges with different contents of thermal power waste and sample preparation techniques. In the first case, mechanical mixing of the charge components was used, in the second case, granulation of the components and creation of a shell on the surface of the granules was used. The physical and mechanical properties of ceramic samples produced by both methods are presented. It has been established that an increase in the fly ash content in the charge leads to a decrease in the average density and compressive strength of ceramic samples. The use of the developed method for producing ceramic materials increases the strength characteristics of the samples, which makes it possible to increase the content of the ash component to 70–80 wt. % in the composition of the charge. It has been shown that the content of fly ash in the charge is more than 60 wt. % leads to an increase in water absorption of more than 20%, which practically indicates the absence of sintering processes in ash granules. Prospects and main directions for further research are formulated.

A.Yu. STOLBOUSHKIN¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.V. ISTERIN¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
O.A. FOMINA², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Siberian State Industrial University (42, Kirova Street, Novokuznetsk, 654007, Russian Federation)
² Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the RAS (4, Maly Kharitonievsky side Street, Moscow, 101990, Russian Federation)

1. Zhidko E.A., Avdeeva T.V., Ermolenko M.S. Main directions and principles of waste-free and waste-free technologies. Informatsionnye tekhnologii v stroitel’nykh, sotsial’nykh i ekonomicheskikh sistemakh. 2021. No. 2 (24), pp. 29–33. (In Russian).
2. Kotlyar V.D., Kozlov A.V., Zhivotkov O.I., Kozlov G.A. Silicate Brick Based on Ash Microspheres and Lime. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 9, pp. 17–21. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-763-9-17-21
3. Saibulatov S.J. Introduction of ceramic wall materials ash production at JSC Tolyatti brick factory. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2002. No. 1, pp. 2–3. (In Russian).
4. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Isterin E.V. Research of ash-entrainment of the west Siberian CHPP as a potential raw material for ceramics production. Quality. Technologies. Innovations: Materials of the VI International Scientific and Practical Conference. Novosibirsk. 2023, pp. 96–103. (In Russian).
5. Ovcharenko G.I., Fomichev Yu.Yu., Franzen V.B., Viktorov A.V., Samsonov A.Yu., Streltsov I.A. Features of the technology of silicate brick from high-calcium ash CHPP. Polzunovsky Vestnik. 2011. No. 1, pp. 156–162. (In Russian).
6. Stolboushkin A.Yu. Perspective direction of development of building ceramic materials from low-grade stock. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 24–28. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-758-4-24-28
7. Ariskina R.A., Mikhailova E.V., Sukorina A.V., Salakhova A.M. Experience in the use of technogenic waste in the production of ceramic materials. Vestnik of the University of Technology. 2017. No. 15, pp. 37–41. (In Russian).
8. Vatin N.I., Petrosov D.V., Kalachev A.I., Lakhtinen P. Application of ash and ash and slag waste in construction. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2011. No. 4, pp. 16–21. (In Russian).
9. Saibulatov S.J. Zolokeramicheskie stenovye materialy [Ceramic wall materials made of ash]. Alma-Ata: Nauka. 1982. 292 p.
10. Gagarin V.G., Kozlov V.V. Requirements for heat protection and energy efficiency in the project of the updated SNiP «Thermal protection of Buildings». Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2011. No. 8, pp. 2–6. (In Russian).
11. Kotlyar V.D., Kozlov A.V., Kotlyar A.V. High-efficiency wall ceramics based on porous-hollow silicate aggregate. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2014. No. 10, pp. 392–395. (In Russian).
12. Shlegel I.F. The current situation in construction requires the restoration of GOST on the face brick. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2010. No. 7, pp. 53–59. (In Russian).
13. Semenov A.A. Some trends in the development of the ceramic wall materials market in Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 4, pp. 4–5. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-801-4-4-5
14. Davidyuk A.N., Nesvetaev G.V. Effective Materials and Structures to solve the Problem of Energy Saving of Buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2010. No. 3, pp. 16–21. (In Russian).
15. Gaishun E.S., Yavruyan H.S., Kotlyar V.D. Technology for the production of highly efficient ceramic stones based on coal dump processing products. Theory and practice of improving the efficiency of building materials: Materials of the International Scientific and Technical Conference. Penza. 2018, pp. 18–26. (In Russian).
16. Stolboushkin A.Yu., Berdov G.I., Vereshchagin V.I., Fomina O.A. Ceramic wall materials with matrix structure based on non-sintering stift technogenic and natural raw materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 8, pp. 19–23. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2016-740-8-19-24
17. Patent RF 2593832. Sposob izgotovleniya stenovykh keramicheskikh izdelii [Method of making ceramic wall raisins]. Ivanov A.I., Stolboushkin A.Yu., Storozhenko G.I. Declared 08.06.2015. Published 10.08.2016. (In Russian).
18. Tas-ool L.H., Yanchat N.N., Choksum J.E. Aluminosilicate Microspheres of Ash Traps of a Thermal Power Plant in Kyzyl. Vestnik of Tuva State University. 2012. No 3, pp. 33–37. (In Russian).

The article outlines the concept of construction of seasonal plants of small and medium capacity with proposals to complete them exclusively with domestic equipment and economic justification of profitability of such enterprises. It should be noted that, contrary to popular opinion, the idea of building small and medium capacity plants, including seasonal operation, has proven to be quite viable and reasonable for a number of southern and central regions of Russia and, in the future, for the new regions of Novorossiya, where agriculture is the main type of activity. This is due to climate, population density, building traditions and many other factors. In the foreign press, small factories are mentioned not only in terms of special products, but also as branches of large enterprises for the development of small deposits of unique clay raw materials, on the basis of which the production of facade building ceramics is organized.

N.G. GUROV¹, General Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.N. GUROV¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
G.I. STOROZHENKO², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Southern Research Institute of Building Materials (105, build 1, Nansena Street, Rostov-on-Don, 344038, Russian Federation)
² Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SIBSTRIN) (113, Leningradskaya Street, Novosibirsk, 630008, Russian Federation)

1. The KERAMTEX conference enters its third ten-year round: the flight is normal! Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 9, pp. 24–29. (In Russian).
2. Semenov A.A. Some trends in the development of the ceramic wall materials market in Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 4, pp. 4–5. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-801-4-4-5
3. Khavkin A.Y., Berman R.Z. Brick plants of small capacity with application of the technology of “hard” extrusion. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2000. No. 4, pp. 18–19. (In Russian).
4. Zhenzhurist I.A. Problems of the enterprises of building ceramics of small capacity. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2000. No. 7, pp. 2–4. (In Russian).
5. Frolov A.V. New technology of brick firing in TESCA furnaces. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 1999. No. 9, pp. 30. (In Russian).
6. New firing technologies. Reality and prospects. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 1998. No. 2, pp. 10. (In Russian).
7. Kunavin M.M. Calculation methodology of the firing mode of thermally massive ceramic products. Steklo i keramika. 1996. No. 9, pp. 16. (In Russian).
8. Shlegel I.F., Makarov S.G., Shulga S.S., Sapelnikov S.N., Bagaeva L.A. Blade extruder “Lopex” as an alternative to screw presses. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 5, pp. 40–46. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-813-5-40-46.
9. Yumasheva E.I. Innovative technologies for brick plants of medium and small capacity. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 4, pp. 50–52. (In Russian)
10. KOMAS: 25 years complex technologies of ceramic brick thermal treatment. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 4, pp. 25–26. (In Russian).
11. Shlegel I.F., Shayevich G.Y., Astafiev V.A., Karabut L.A. Industrial installation “Cascade-13” for clay preparation. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2005. No. 10, pp. 34–36. (In Russian).
12. Storozhenko G.I., Boldyrev, G.V. Experience of brick plants of a semi-dry pressing with effective mass preparation of a clay raw material. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 2, pp. 2–4. (In Russian).

Еhe main problems of determining the residual life of rigid road pavement structures of industrial enterprises are considered. An analysis of existing methods for determining the durability and residual life of highways of both rigid and non-rigid types of construction on public roads was carried out. As a result of the research carried out on the territory of the enterprise, an algorithm was proposed for calculating the residual life of the highway structure, based on changes in the longitudinal evenness of the pavement, the presence of defects and damages on the surface of the roadway, compaction of asphalt concrete layers, as well as the actual and calculated intensity of traffic flow. The study of auto-road pavement elements was carried out using the “Trassa” mobile road laboratory, and the determination of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the materials was carried out in the laboratory using modern research methods.

B.A. BONDAREV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.B. BONDAREV¹, Candidate of Sciences (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.P. YARTSEV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.K. ZHIDKOV², Graduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Lipetsk State Technical University (30, Moskovskaya St., Lipetsk, 398055, Russian Federation)
² Tambov State Technical University (106/5, room 2, Sovetskaya St., Tambov, 392000, Russian Federation)

1. Moiseenko R.P., Efimenko V.N. On assessing the durability of highways. Vestnik of the Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2019. No. 3, pp. 207–213. (In Russian). DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-3-207-213
2. Tiraturyan A.N. A mechanical and statistical method for estimating the residual resource of non-rigid road surfaces. Transportnye sooruzheniya. 2018. No. 4, p. 1. (In Russian). DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.15862/01SATS418
3. Bondarev B.A., Bondarev A.B., Borkov P.V., Shulepov S.K., Zhidkov V.K., Kopalin D.A. Analysis of defects and damage to materials in the structures of road coverings of industrial roads and ways to eliminate them. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 6, pp. 70–74. (In Russian). DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-814-6-70-74
4. Dormidontova T.V., Simonyan A.S. Estimation of the modulus of elasticity of the pavement and its elements. Traditions and innovations in construction and architecture. Construction and Construction Technologies: Collection of articles of the 79th All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference. Samara, April 18–22, 2022, pp. 242–247. (In Russian).
5. Konorev A.S., Dumenko V.A., Konoreva O.V. A method for increasing the accuracy of accounting for the impact of traffic flow on the structures of road clothes. Dorogi i mosty. 2020. No. 2 (44), pp. 145–159. (In Russian).
6. Elshami M.M.M., Tiraturyan A.N., Uglova E.V. Management of the life cycle of highways at the operational stage based on artificial neural network algorithms. Inzhenernyj vestnik Dona. 2022. No. 8 (92), pp. 282–292. (In Russian).
7. Uglova E.V., Konorev A.S., Konoreva O.V. Consideration of the impact of traffic flow when calculating road structures at the design stage and determining the residual life of road coverings at the operational stage. Internet-zhurnal Naukovedenie. 2012. No. 4 (13), pp. 220. (In Russian). http://naukovedenie.ru/index.php?p=issue-4-12
8. Klekovkina M.P., Bondareva E.D. Forecasting the life cycle of non-rigid type road clothes. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2022. No. 5, pp. 61–65. (In Russian). DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2022.05.61-65
9. Korochkin A.V., Petrov K.M. Calculation of rigid pavement with asphalt concrete coating using software complexes. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 5, pp. 8–10. (In Russian).
10. Kostel’ov M.P. Why seal asphalt concrete above the minimum norm. Dorozhnaya tekhnika. 2016. No. 5, pp. 135–138.
11. Bobneva A.N. Accounting for the impact on road clothing of multi-axle vehicles with converged axles during the transportation of oversized and heavy loads. Innovacii i investicii. 2022. No. 11, pp. 269–271. (In Russian).
12. Zhemerikina A.A. Calculation of the pavement structure according to PNST 265-2018 and ODN 218.046-01. Materials of the 71st All-Russian (with international participation) scientific Conference of students and Young scientists. Petrozavodsk. 2019, pp. 238–241. (In Russian).
13. Sokolov N.S. One of the cases of strengthening the base of a deformed anti-landslide retaining wall. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 12, pp. 23–27. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31659/0044-4472-2021-12-23-27
14. Abramov B.M. Loads in the road industry. Days of science of students of Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigoryevich and Nikolai Grigoryevich Stoletov: Collection of materials of scientific and practical conferences. Vladimir. 2023, pp. 1031–1037. (In Russian).

The determination of the surface free energy (SFE) is currently achieved using an instrumental method, one of which is «sessile drop». The surface free energy of quartz and caustic dolomite powders was defined before and after mechano-magnetic activation in the Vortex layer device. Free surface energy was identified by the well-known models proposed by the Owens–Wendt–Rabel–Kaelble (OWRK) and Van Oss–Chaudhury–Good (VOCG). The determination of the surface free energy (SFE) based on the presented model provides a good convergence: due to experimental assumptions, the deviation in calculation results is 14–16%. It was shown that mechano-magnetic treatment increased the adhesion of quartz powder by 86% (from 73 to 136 J/m²) and caustic dolomite by 217% (from 884 to 2800 J/m²). The mechano-magnetic treatment of study materials can significantly improve the interaction of the liquid with solid. This is evident from comparison of two attributes: the amount of change of specific interphase surface energy of a solid at the boundary with the gas per to change of specific surface of the powder and the change in the cosine of contact wetting angle per to a change in specific surface of the powder. This means the first value that represents the intensity of the interaction between liquids and solids multiplу greater than an integral characteristic of the interaction at the boundary of three phases. Such changes in geometric characteristics and surface properties are effective factors in structure formation control, especially hydration hardening.

R.A. IBRAGIMOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
E.V. KOROLEV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering);
Yu.V. BIKAEVA¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
I.S. LARIONOV³, Engineer

¹ Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, 420043, Russian Federation)
² Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, 2nd Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, 190005, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)
³ Kazan Federal University (18, bld. 1, Kremlevskaya street, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation)

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12. Данилов В.Е.,Королев Е.В., Айзенштадт А.М., Строкова В.В. Особенности расчета свободной энергии поверхности на основе модели межфазного взаимодействия Оунса–Вендта–Рабеля–Кьельбле // Строительные материалы. 2019. № 11. С. 66–72. DOI: 10.31659/0585-430X-2019-776-11-66-72
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13. Li Y., Ma X., Chen Y., Kang X., Yang B. Superhydrophobicity mechanism and nanoscale profiling of PDMS-Modified kaolinite nanolayers via Ab Initio-MD simulation and atomic force microscopy study. Langmuir. 2023. Vol. 39 (24), pp. 8548–8558. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00915
14. Kang X., Li Y., Ma X., Sun H. Fabrication and characterization of high performance superhydrophobic organosilane-coated fly ash composites with novel micro-nano-hierarchy roughness. Journal of Materials Science. 2022. Vol. 57 (29), pp. 13914–13927. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-022-07473-5
15. Zongcheng Yang, Jiangfan Chang, Xiaoyan He, Xiuqin Bai, Chengqing Yuan. Construction of robust slippery lubricant-infused epoxy-nanocomposite coatings for marine antifouling application. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2023. Vol. 177, pp. 107458. DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107458
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17. Liling Jing, Pengfei Yang, Mark G. Moloney, Zhiliang Zhang, Yongqing Wang, Junying Li, Feng Ma, Jian Li. Synthesis and carbene-insertion preparation of hydrophobic natural polymer materials for rapid and efficient oil/water separation. Applied Surface Science. 2022 Vol. 581. 152394. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.152394
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The design and working process of a new electric drum furnace for heat treatment of vermiculite concentrates and conglomerates, as well as other bulk porous materials based on a silicate binder, are considered. The electric drum furnace is devoid of the disadvantages inherent in its predecessors – furnaces with a movable hearth platform: there are no oscillating elements, dynamic effects do not occur, and there is also no resonant mode of operation, since the working drums perform rotational motion with a constant angular velocity. Using the example of a six-drum furnace, the volumes of processed material located in the firing spaces are calculated, and the second and hourly productivity of the furnace (10 m³/h or 0.0029 m³/s) are determined. The temperature of the heating elements (1167 K) was calculated, the electric power of the furnace (95.2 kW) and the specific energy intensity of the firing process of vermiculite concentrate, with a dimension of 4 mm (0.004 m) from the raw materials of the Kovdorsky deposit – 44.2 MJ/m³, which makes the furnaces of the new design competitively capable, were determined.

A.I. NIZHEGORODOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Irkutsk National Research Technical University (83, Lermontov Street, Irkutsk, 664074, Russian Federation)

1. Akhtyamov R.Ya. Vermiculite – a raw material for the production of refractory heat-insulating materials. Ogneupory i tekhnicheskaya keramika. 2009. No. 1–2, pp. 59–64. (In Russian).
2. Nizhegorodov A.I. Some aspects of the technology for preparing and firing vermiculite concentrates in electric furnaces. Stroitel’nye Materialy: technology [Construction materials: technology]. 2007. No. 11, pp. 16–17. (In Russian).
3. Nizhegorodov A.I. Electrical roasting system with vibrational batch supply. Russian Engineering Research. 2017. Vol. 37. No. 3, pp. 180–184.
4. Nizhegorodov A.I., Bryanskikh T.B., Gavrilin A.N. and others. Testing a new alternative electric furnace for firing vermiculite concentrates. Izvestiya of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Georesources Engineering. 2018. Vol. 329. No. 4, pp. 142–150. (In Russian).
5. Nizhegorodov A.I., Gavrilin A.N., Moizes B.B. Development of bulk lightweight spherosilicate material technology based on sublimation of expanded polystyrene granules. Refractories and industrial ceramics. 2020. Vol. 60. No. 1, pp. 475–481.
6. Rybyev I.A. Stroitel’noye materialovedeniye: ucheb. posobiye dlya stroitel’nykh spetsial’nostey vuzov. [Construction materials science: textbook. Manual for construction specialties of universities]. Moscow Vysshaya shkola. 2003. 701 p.
7. Kremenetskaya I.P., Belyaevsky A.T., Vasilyeva T.N. Amorphization of serpentine minerals in the technology of producing magnesia-silicate reagent for the immobilization of heavy metals. Khimiya v interesakh ustoychivogo razvitiya. 2010. No. 18, pp. 41–49. (In Russian).
8. Patent No. RU 182943. IPC F27B9/06. Electric drum furnace / A.I. Nizhegorodov. Applicant and patent holder Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Irkutsk National Research Technical University” No. 2019130471. Application 09.27.2019. Published 01.16.2020. Bull. No. 2. (In Russian).
9. Nizhegorodov A.I. Experimental determination of friction coefficients of some potentially thermoactive minerals. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 11, pp. 63–67. (In Russian).
10. Bryanskikh T.B., Kokourov D.V. Energy efficiency of electric furnaces with a moving hearth when firing vermiculite concentrates of various size groups. Novye ogneupory. 2017. No. 8, pp. 16–21. (In Russian).
11. Nizhegorodov A.I., Zvezdin A.V. Energotekhnologicheskiye agregaty dlya pererabotki vermikulitovykh kontsentratov [Energy technology units for processing vermiculite concentrates]. Irkutsk: Publishing house IRNTU. 2015. 250 p.
12. Patent RU 192841 U1 Electric furnace for producing expanded vermiculite / Nizhegorodov A.I. Applicant and patent holder Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Irkutsk National Research Technical University”. No. 2019121160; Application 07.08.2019. Published 02.10.2019. Bull. No. 28.
13. Kutateladze S.S. Teploperedacha i gidrodinamicheskoye soprotivleniye: spravochnoye posobiye [Heat transfer and hydrodynamic resistance: a reference guide]. Moscow: Energoatomizdat. 1990. 367 p.
14. Nizhegorodov A.I., Bryanskikh T.B., Zvezdin A.V. Modeling the process of transferring radiant energy to a moving vermiculite mass in an electric furnace with a vibrating hearth. Novye ogneupory. 2019. No. 7, pp. 23–27. (In Russian).
15. Zedgenizov V.G., Nizhegorodov A.I. Efficiency of using multi-module modifications of electric furnaces for firing vermiculite. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2009. No. 12, pp. 51–53. (In Russian).
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The construction of facilities for various purposes in rugged areas in cramped urban conditions for builders is the main problem associated with solving geotechnical tasks of providing both the slope itself and buildings and structures of the surrounding development in the zone of geotechnical influence. Questions arise regarding the need to develop buried retaining structures. The article considers a case from the geotechnical practice of installing retaining structures using bored piles with diameters of 600 mm and 800 mm and ground anchors arranged using electric discharge technology (ERT anchors).

N.S. SOKOLOV^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering). Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulianov (15 Moskovskiy pr., Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, 428015, Russian Federation)
² OOO NPF «FORST» (109a, Kalinina Street, Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)

1. Ter-Martirosian A.Z., Kivluik V.P., Isaev I.O., Shishkina V.V. Analysis of the calculated prerequisites for the geotechnical forecast of new construction on the surrounding buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 9, pp. 57–66. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-9-57-66
2. Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Ekhnologicheskie osadki zdanii i sooruzhenii v zone vliyaniya podzemnogo stroitel’stva [Technological precipitation of buildings and structures in the zone of influence of underground construction]. Moscow: ASV. 2017. 168 p.
3. Ilichev V.A., Konovalov P.A., Nikiforova N.S., Bulgakov L.A. Deformations of the retaining structures upon deep excavations in Moscow. Proc. Of Fifth Int. Conf on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. April 3–17. 2004. New York, pp. 5–24.
4. Sokolov N., Ezhov S., Ezhova S. Preserving the natural landscape on the construction site for sustainable ecosystem. Journal of applied engineering science. 2017. Vol. 15. No. 4, pp. 518–523. DOI: 10.5937/jaes15-14719
5. Nikiforova N.S., Vnukov D.A. Geotechnical cut-off diaphragms for built-up area protection in urban underground development. The pros, of the 7thI nt. Symp. «Geotechnical aspects of underground construction in soft ground». May 16–18, 2011. tc28 IS Roma, AGI, 2011, № 157NIK.
6. Nikiforova N.S., Vnukov D.A. The use of cut off of different types as a protection measure for existing buildings at the nearby underground pipelines installation. Proc. of Int. Geotech. Conf. dedicated to the Year of Russia in Kazakhstan. Almaty, Kazakhstan, September 23–25. 2004, pp. 338–342.
7. Petrukhin V.P., Shuljatjev O.A., Mozgacheva O.A. Effect of geotechnical work on settlement of surrounding buildings at underground construction. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Prague. 2003.
8. Sokolov N.S. Technological techniques for the device of boron-injection piles with multi-seat extensions. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 10, pp. 54–57. (In Russian).
9. Sokolov N.S. Technology of increasing a base bearing capacity. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 6, pp. 67–72. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi. org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-771-6-67–71
10. Sokolov N.S., Sokolov A.N., Sokolov S.N., Glushkov V.E., Glushkov A.V. Calculation of flight augering piles of high bearing capacity. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 11, pp. 20–25. (In Russian).
11. Nikonorova I.V., Sokolov N.S. Construction and territorial development of landslide slopes of the Cheboksary water reservoir. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 9, pp. 13–19. (In Russian).
12. Sokolov N.S., Sokolov S.N., Sokolov A.N. Technology for the installation of a monolithic reinforced concrete grillage in cramped conditions of a functioning facility. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 7, pp. 12–16. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi. org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-815-7-12-16
13. Sokolov N.S., Sokolov S.N., Sokolov A.N. The practice of construction in particularly cramped conditions. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 9, pp. 41–47. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi. org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-9-41-4
14. Sokolov N.S., Sokolov S.N., Sokolov A.N. Geotechnical technology for the construction of engineering structures on structurally unstable slopes. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 11, pp. 52–55. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-819-11-52-55
15. Sokolov N.S., Viktorova S.S., Fedorova T.G. Piles of increased bearing capacity. New in architecture, design of building structures and reconstruction: Materials of the VIII All-Russian (II International) Conference. Cheboksary. 2014, pp. 411–415. (In Russian).
16. Sokolov N.S., Petrov M.V., Ivanov V.A. Problems of calculation of drilling piles made using discharge-pulse. New in architecture, design of building structures and reconstruction: Materials of the VIII All-Russian (II International) Conference. Cheboksary. 2014, pp. 415–420. (In Russian).
17. Sokolov N.S., Sokolov S.N., Sokolov A.N. Fine-grained concrete as a structural building material of drilling piles ERT. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 5, pp. 16–19. (In Russian).
18. Patent for utility model 161650. Ustroistvo dlya kamufletnogo ushireniya nabivnoi konstruktsii v grunte [A device for camouflage broadening of a printed structure in the ground]. Sokolov N.S., Dzhantimirov H.A., Kuzmin M.V., etc. Declared 01.07.2015. Published 27.04.2016. (In Russian).

The technological process of PBS production requires careful control of the phase composition of the gypsum binder used, as well as compliance with the drying modes of the sheets. This is necessary in order to ensure the adhesion of the gypsum core to the cardboard and, as a result, to give the sheets the required mechanical and physical properties. The use of various kinds of modified starches in the production technology of PBS makes it possible to achieve the required adhesion with fluctuations in the phase composition of the binder and deviations in the drying mode of products. Considering this, it becomes obvious that the characteristics of modified starches have a significant effect on the quality of PBS. The study of existing standards regulating the quality indicators of starch derivatives showed the absence of parameters reflecting the effectiveness of their use in the production technology of PBS. In this paper, the structural features of the most widely used types of modified starch are considered. The paper summarizes information about the mechanism of adhesion of the gypsum core to cardboard, the factors influencing this process, the mechanisms of starch destruction and oxidation, and also offers a list of quality indicators of starch derivatives and the requirements for them. It is shown that the effectiveness of the use of modified starches in the production of PBS is achieved by regulating the direction and depth of the processes of destruction and oxidation.

S.V. ARASLANKIN¹, CEO (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M.V. SHCHANKIN¹, Candidate of Science (Biology), Senior Scientist (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.F. BURYANOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
O.V. NIPRUK³, Doctor of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ «Exponenta» LLC (26 A, Stanislavskogo Street, Ruzayevka, 431448, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
³ Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (National Research University) (23, Gagarina Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russian Federation)

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5. Sun Z., Kang J., Shi Y.C. Changes in molecular size and shape of waxy maize starch during dextrinization. Food Chemistry. 2021. Vol. 348. 128983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128983
6. Забежинский Я.Л., Белов А.Д. О механизме сцепления гипса с картоном при производстве сухой гипсовой штукатурки // Механизм твердения вяжущих и гипсовые материалы: Сборник трудов. 1957. № 1. С. 90–97.
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9. Weil W., Weil R.C., Keawsompong S. et al. Pyrodextrins from waxy and normal tapioca starches: Molecular structure and in vitro digestibility. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2021. Vol. 252. 117140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117140
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In modern construction, almost only cement concretes are used for monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete structures and facilities, prepared, as a rule, on natural stone aggregates from dense rocks. One of the widespread and relatively cheap local materials used for the manufacture of concrete is a sand-gravel mixture. The issue of using local materials of Azerbaijan to produce concrete and reinforced concrete is being considered. The properties of monolith (Yardymli district), latite (Lerik district), magnetite (Dashkesan district) and alunite (Dashkesan district) for the production of concrete and reinforced concrete are given.

S.M. AKBEROVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction (11 Ayna Sultanova Street, Baku, 1073, AZ)

1. Сапачева Л.В. Актуальные проблемы строительного материаловедения и пути их решения // Строительные материалы. 2019. № 1. С. 83–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-767-1-2-83-85
1. Sapacheva L.V. Actual problems of construction materials science and ways to solve them. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Мaterials]. 2019. No. 1, pp. 83–85. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-767-1-2-83-85
2. Толыпина Н.М. К вопросу о взаимодействии цементной матрицы с заполнителями // Современные наукоемкие технологии. 2016. № 6. С. 81–85.
2. Tolypina N.M. On the interaction of the cement matrix with aggregates. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii. 2016. No. 6, pp. 81–85. (In Russian).
3. Фишер Х.Б., Второв Б.Б., Бурьянов А.Ф. Исследование влияния многокомпонентных активаторов твердения на свойства природного ангидрита // Строительные материалы. 2023. № 1. С. 63–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-810-1-2-63-68
3. Fisher H.B., Vtorov B.B., Buryanov A.F. Study of the influence of multicomponent hardening activators on the properties of natural anhydrite. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Мaterials]. 2023. No. 1, pp. 63–68. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-810-1-2-63-68
4. Строкова В.В. Малые архитектурные формы: состав и свойства бетона для их изготовления // Вестник Белгородского государственного технологического университета им. В.Г. Шухова. 2021. № 11. С. 8–31.
4. Strokova V.V. Small architectural forms: composition and properties of concrete for their manufacture. Bulletin of the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhova. 2021. No. 11, pp. 8–31. (In Russian).
5. Акберова С.М., Гахраманов С.Г., Курбанова Р.А. Самоуплотняющийся бетон на основе материалов Азербайджана // Строительные материалы. 2022. № 7. С. 10–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-804-7-10-15
5. Akberova S.M., Gakhramanov S.G., Kurbanova R.A. Self-sealing concrete based on Azerbaijani materials. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Мaterials]. 2022. No. 7, pp. 10–15. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-804-7-10-15
6. Mirzayev M.N., Donkov A.A., Popov E.A., Demir E., Jabarov S.H., Chkhartishvili L.S., Adeojo S.A., Doroshkevich A.S., Sidorin A.A., Asadov A.G., Thabethe T.T., Khandaker M.U., Alamri S., Osman H., Trukhanov A.V., Trukhanov S.V. Modeling and X-ray analysis of defect nanoclusters formation in B₄C under ion irradiation. Nanomaterials. 2022. No. 12 (15), pp. 2644. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12152644
7. Ablay G.J., Carroll M.R., Palmer, M.R., Marti J., Sparks, R.S.J. Basanite-phonolite lineages of the teide-pico viejo volcanic complex. Journal of Petrology. 1998. No. 39, pp. 905–909. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.5.905
8. Mirzayev M.N., Mehdiyeva R.N., Melikova S.Z., Jabarov S.H., Thabethe T.T., Biira S., Kurbanov M.A., Tiep N.V. Formation of color centers and concentration of defects in boron carbide irradiated at low gamma radiation doses. Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 2019. No. 74 (4), pp. 363–367. DOI: 10.3938/jkps.74.363
9. Asgerov E.B., Ismailov D.I., Mehdiyeva R.N., Jabarov S.H., Mirzayev M.N., Kerimova E.M., Dang N.T. Differential-Thermal and X-Ray Analysis of TlFeS₂ and TlFeSe₂ Chalcogenides. Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques. 2018. No. 12 (4), pp. 688–691. DOI: 10.1134/S1027451018040043
10. Mirzayev M.N. Simultaneous measurements ofheat flow rate and thermal properties of nanoboron trioxide under neutron irradiation at thelow and high temperature. Vacuum. 2020.No. 173, pp. 109–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.10916
11. Demir E., Gledenov Y.M., Tuğrul A.B., Mirzayev M.N., Islamov A.Kh., Turchenko V.A., Yılmaz O., Büyük B., Sansarbayar E., Öveçoğlu M.L. Structural and morphological studies under small-angle neutron scattering of tungsten alloys. Moscow University Physics Bulletin. 2019. No. 74, pp. 509–513. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0027134919050059
12. Ferdinando B., Cristian B., Marco P. Nomenclature and classification of the spinel supergroup. European Journal of Mineralogy. 2019. No. 31 (1), pp. 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2019/0031-2788
13. Azimova S.R., Abdullayev N.M., Aliyev Y.I., Mirzayev M.N., Skuratov V.A., Mutali A.K., Jabarov S.H. Study on the thermodynamic behavior of Sb-Te binary systems with swift heavy-ions irradiation at the high temperatures. Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 2020. No. 77, pp. 240–246. https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.77.240
14. Hashimov R.F., Mikailzade F.A., Trukhanov S.V., Lyadov N.M., Vakhitov I.R., Trukhanov A.V., Mirzayev M.N. Structure and thermal analysis of Ba_0.5La_0.5MnO₃ polycrystalline powder. International Journal of Modern Physics B. 2019. No. 33 (22), pp. 1950244. DOI: 10.1142/S0217979219502448
15. Belichko D.R., Konstantinova T.E., Volkova G.K., Mirzayev M.N., Maletsky A.V., Burkhovetskiy V.V., Doroskevich A.S., Mita C., Mardare D.M., Janiska B., Nabiyev A.A., Lyubchyk A.I., Tatarinova A.A., Popov E. Effects of YSZ ceramics doping with silica and alumina on its structure and properties. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2022. No. 287, pp. 126237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126237

The article describes the relevance of new scientific research on the corrosion resistance of shotcrete applied as a protective coating on building structures. A formulation has been developed for five compositions of shotcrete, consisting of a basic and additional binder, fillers and hardening accelerators. The size and nature of the pores of the manufactured samples, the development of destruction by changes in mass and strength are investigated. The physicochemical features of the corrosive destruction of some shotcrete compositions in solutions of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride have been established, and the diffusion coefficients of chloride ions and sulfate ions have been determined. The numerical values of the parameters limiting the mass transfer of calcium hydroxide during corrosion of shotcrete are determined: the coefficients of mass conductivity and mass transfer.

U.A. NOVIKOVA¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. ),
K.B. STROKIN¹, Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Advisor to the RAASN (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. );
I.A. KRASILNIKOVA², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Sakhalin State University (33, Kommunisticheskiy Avenue, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693008, Russian Federation)
² Vladimir State University (87, Gorky Street, Vladimir, 600000, Russian Federation)

1. Lesovik V.S., Fedyuk R.S., Panarin I.I. Shotcrete-concretes and injection solutions for complex repair of underground structures. Academia. Architecture and construction. 2023. No. 1, pp. 101–107. (In Russian). DOI: 10.22337/2077-9038-2023-1-101-107.
2. Chongming Tian, Yueping Tong, Junyuan Zhang, Fei Ye, Guifeng Song, Yin Jiang, Meng Zhao. Experimental study on mix proportion optimization of anti-calcium dissolution shotcrete for tunnels based on response surface methodology. Underground Space. 2024. Vol. 15, pp. 203–220. DOI: 10.1016/j.undsp.2023.07.002
3. Fedosov S.V., Bulgakov B.I., Krasilnikov I.V., Hung N.X., Lam T.V. Forecast of the durability of shore structures made of reinforced concrete. Solid State Phenomena. 2022. Vol. 334, pp. 217–224. DOI: 10.4028/p-8657j1
4. Renhe Yang, Tingshu He, Mengqin Guan, Xinqi Guo, Yilun Xu, Rongsheng Xu, Yongqi D. Preparation and accelerating mechanism of aluminum sulfate-based alkali-free accelerating additive for sprayed concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2020. 234. 117334. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117334
5. Stepanova V.F., Rozental N.K., Chekhny G.V., Baev S.M. Determination of corrosion resistance of shotcrete as a protective coating of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 8, pp. 69–72. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31659/0585-430X-2018-762-8-69-72
6. Fedosov S.V., Krasilnikov I.V., Rumyantseva V.E., Krasilnikova I.A. Physical features of the problems of liquid corrosion of reinforced concrete from the standpoint of the theory of heat and mass transfer. Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings. 2023. No. 19 (4), pp. 392–409. (In Russian). DOI: 10.22363/1815-5235-2023-19-4-392-409
7. Rosental N.K. Korrozionnaja stojkost’ cementnyh betonov nizkoj i osobo nizkoj pronicaemosti [Corrosion resistance of cement concrete of low and particularly low permeability]. Moscow: FSUE CPP. 2006. 520 p.
8. Fedosov S.V., Rumyantseva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Krasilnikova I.A. Research of physical and chemical processes in the system “cement concrete – liquid aggressive environment”. ChemChemTech. 2022. Vol. 65. No. 7, pp. 61–70. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20226507.6606
9. Smirnova N.N., Krasilnikov I.V. An effect of the nature of immobilized components on the adsorption and mass transfer properties of ultrafiltration membranes based on sulfonate-containing сopolyamide. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2019. Vol. 92. No. 11, pp. 1570–1580. DOI: 10.1134/S1070427219110144
10. Fedosov S.V., Rumyantseva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Krasilnikova I.A. Mathematical modeling of unsteady mass transfer in the cement concrete-liquid medium system, limited by internal diffusion and external mass transfer. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 1–2, pp. 134–140. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.Org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-799-1-2-134-140
11. Fedosov S.V., Rumyantseva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Krasilnikova I.A. Mathematical modeling of mass transfer in the “cement concrete-liquid medium” system, limited by the internal diffusion of the transferred component at liquid corrosion of the first type. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2021. No. 7, pp. 4–9. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2021-793-7-4-9
12. Ayumi Manawadu, Pizhong Qiao. Cohesive fracture simulation and failure modes of shotcrete-concrete interface bond in Mode II loading. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2024. Vol. 299. 109959. DОI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2024.109959
13. Fedosov S.V., Rumjanceva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Kas’janenko N.S. Non-stationary mass transfer in the processes of corrosion of the second type of cement concrete. Small Fourier numbers, with internal mass source. Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. Chemistry and chemical technology. 2015. Vol. 58. No. 1, pp. 97—99. (In Russian).
14. Fedosov S.V., Rumjanceva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Kas’janenko N.S. Theoretical and experimental studies of processes of corrosion of the first kind of cement concretes in the presence of inner source of mass. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 6, pp. 44—47. (In Russian).
15. Krasilnikov I.V. Determination of the parameters of the nonisothermal mass transfer process during liquid corrosion of concrete. Vestnik of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University. Applied ecology. Urbanism. 2022. No. 1, pp. 99–109. (In Russian). DOI: 10.15593/2409-5125/2022.1.09
16. Fedosov S.V., Rumyanceva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Kasyanenko N.S. Modeling of mass transfer in the processes of corrosion of the first type of cement concrete in the “liquid–reservoir” system in the presence of an internal source of mass in the solid phase. Vestnik grazhdanskih inzhenerov. 2013. No. 2 (37), pp. 65–70. (In Russian).
17. Fedosov S.V., Rumyanceva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V. Metody matematicheskoj fiziki v prilozhenijah к problemam korrozii betona v zhidkih agressivnyh sredah [Methods of mathematical physics in applications to the problems of concrete corrosion in liquid aggressive media]. Moscow: ASV. 2021. 246 p.
18. Zhang Y., Xu M., Song J., Wang Ch., Wang X., Hamad B.A. Study on the corrosion change law and prediction model of cement stone in oil wells with CO₂ corrosion in ultra-high-temperature acid gas wells. Construction and Building Materials. 2022. Vol. 323. 125879. DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125879
19. Fedosov S.V., Roumyantseva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Konovalova V.S., Evsyakov A.S. Monitoring of the penetration of chloride ions to the reinforcement surface through a concrete coating during liquid corrosion. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. Vol. 463 (4). 042048. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/463/4/042048
20. Fedosov S.V., Roumyantseva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Konovalova V.S. Physical and mathematical modelling of the mass transfer process in heterogeneous systems under corrosion destruction of reinforced concrete structures. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. 012039. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/456/1/012039
21. Fedosov S.V., Rumyantseva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Loginova S.A. Study of effect of mass transfer processes on reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures operating in liquid aggressive media. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 12, pp. 52–57. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2017-755-12-52-57
22. Rumyantseva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Krasilnikova I.A., Novikova U.A., Strokin K.B. Changing the bearing capacity of building structures of textile and light industry enterprises. Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. Textile industry technology. 2023. No. 2 (404), pp. 218–227. (In Russian).
23. Fedosov S.V., Rumjanceva V.E., Krasilnikov I.V., Fedosova N.L. Study of diffusion processes of mass transfer during liquid corrosion of the first type of cement concrete. Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. Chemistry and chemical technology. 2015. Vol. 58. No. 1, pp. 99–104. (In Russian).

Studies have been performed simulating the processes of accelerated hardening of self-sealing concrete prepared on sulfate-resistant Portland cement with a polycarboxylate superplasticizer. As part of the concrete mix, construction waste was used – sand from crushed concrete as an enlarging component in an amount of 10% of the mass of fine aggregate. The Polyplast PC anionactive superplasticizer was used as a universal additive for precast and monolithic self-sealing concrete with a dosage consistent with the mineralogical and dispersed composition of sulfate-resistant Portland cement. For mathematical modeling of concrete hardening intensification processes, a two-factor simplex was adopted-a summarized plan on a hexagon inscribed in a circle, as the most convenient for solving prescription and technological problems of building materials science. The factors that most affect the physico-mechanical properties of self-sealing concrete after heat treatment were the duration of preliminary holding of concrete without coolant supply and the maximum heating temperature of concrete. During the implementation of the full factor experiment, the conditions of comparability were observed: a self–sealing mixture of the same composition was prepared, the rate of temperature rise was 10^оC/h, and the total duration of thermal exposure was 15 hours. It has been found that the presence of an anionactive chemical additive and a mineral additive, which is part of Portland cement, slow down the setting processes of cement paste and concrete mixture. It was revealed that the retarding effect of the “sulfate-resistant Portland cement-superplasticizer” pair is explained by the spatial effect of the chemical additive and the grain characteristics of cement containing an easily grindable mineral additive. It is proved that the application of methods of mathematical planning of the experiment makes it possible to comprehensively assess the influence of prescription and technological factors on the strength characteristics of heat-treated self-sealing concrete. It was found that for the studied self-sealing concrete on sulfate-resistant Portland cement, the holding time before applying the coolant should be 4.8 hours, and the maximum heating temperature of concrete should not exceed 48^оC.

L.I. KASTORNYKH, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M.A. GIKALO, Graduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.V. KAKLYUGIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.A. SEREBRYANAYA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
D.V. KUZMENKO, Graduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don State Technical University (162, Sotsialisticheskaya Street, Rostov-on-Don, 344022, Russian Federation)

1. Sakhibgareev R.R., Lomakina L.N., Sakhibgireev Rom.R., Sinitsin D.A., Ibraev A.A. Investigation of heavy concrete hardening processes under condition of alternate freezing and thawing during winter concreting. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 4, pp. 51–59. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-812-4-51-59
2. Mozgalev K.M., Golovnev S.G., Mozgaleva D.A. Efficiency of application of self-compacting concretes in construction of cast-in-situ buildings in winter conditions. Vestnik of the South Ural State University. Architecture and Construction Series. 2014. Vol. 14. No. 1, pp. 33–36. (In Russian).
3. Kastornykh L.I., Kaklyugin A.V., Gikalo M.A. The effect of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers on the efficiency of heat treatment of monolithic concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 4, pp. 35–41. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-812-4-35-41
4. Smirnova O.M. Low-Heat Steaming Treatment of Concrete With Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2021. No. 2 (102). 10213. DOI: 10.34910/MCE.102.13
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