Abroad, they are actively engaged in “cold” sintering of materials, including ceramic, which is a mechanically and thermally conditioned mass transfer process that allows for low-temperature integration of various materials. The paper presents the results of research on low-temperature sintering and optimization of firing regimes for ceramic materials by introducing a salt complex with a liquidus temperature of 825^оC into a charge based on natural and man-made rocks of the Republic of Tyva. The optimal concentrations of salt-containing additives in the ceramic mass, which affect the roasting properties of the resulting materials, have been determined. It was found that the introduction of a complex of salts into the ceramic charge promotes earlier sintering of the shard and the production of high-quality wall ceramics at lower temperatures, which leads to a reduction in energy costs during firing of products.

G.I. STOROZHENKO¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) Docent (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
T.V. SAPELKINA², Research Assistant (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
Т.Е. SHOEVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.M. SEBELEV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Docent (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin) (113, Leningradskaya Street, Novosibirsk, 630008, Russian Federation)
² Tuva Institute of Integrated Development of Natural Resources, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (117A, Internatsionalnaya Street, Kyzyl, 667007, Tyva Republic, Russian Federation)

1. Информационно-технический справочник по наилучшим доступным технологиям производства керамических изделий ИТС 4–2023. М.: ГТЦ, 2023. 368 с.
1. On the approval of the Information and Technical Handbook on the best available technologies «Production of ceramic products.» ITS 4-2023. Moscow: GTC. 2023. 368 p. (In Russian).
2. Шишакина О.А., Паламарчук А.А. Применение плавней в производстве керамических материалов // Международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований. 2019. № 11. С. 105–109.
2. Shishakina O.A., Palamarchuk A.A. Application of fluxes in the production of ceramic materials. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal prikladnykh i fundamental’nykh issledovaniy. 2019. No. 11, pp. 105–109. (In Russian).
3. Гурьева В.А., Дубинецкий В.В., Вдовин К М., Бутримова Н.В. Стеновая керамика на основе высококальцинированного сырья Оренбуржья // Строительные материалы. 2016. № 12. С. 55–58.
3. Gurieva V.A., Dubinetskiy V.V., Vdovin K.M., Butrimova N.V. Wall ceramic on the basis of highly calcined raw materials of Orenburzhye. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 12, pp. 55–58. (In Russian).
4. Яценко Н.Д., Вильбицкая Н.А., Яценко А.И. Особенности формирования фазового состава и свойств высококальциевой низкоплотной керамики на основе глинистого сырья различного химико-минералогического состава // Известия высших учебных заведений. Северо-Кавказский регион. Сер.: Технические науки. 2021. № 2. С. 75–80. https://doi.org/10.17213/1560-3644-2021-2-75-80
4. Yatsenko N.D., Vilbitskaya N.A., Yatsenko A.I. Features of the formation of the phase composition and properties of high-calcium low-density ceramics based on clay raw materials of various chemical and mineralogical composition. Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. North Caucasian region. Series: Technical sciences. 2021. No. 2 (210), pp. 75–80. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17213/1560-3644-2021-2-75-80
5. Довженко И.Г. Интенсификация спекания керамического кирпича с применением побочного продукта алюминиевого производства // Фундаменталь-ные исследования. 2011. № 12 (2). С. 341–344. https://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=29085
5. Dovzhenko I.G. Intensification of agglomeration of ceramic brick with application of the waste of aluminium manufacture. Fundamental’nye issledovaniya. 2011. No. 12 (2), pp. 341–344. (In Russian). https://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=29085
6. Стороженко Г.И. Технология производства изделий стеновой керамики из активированного глинистого сырья: Дис. … д-ра техн. наук. Томск, 2000. 231 с.
6. Storozhenko G.I. Technology for the production of wall ceramic products from activated clay raw materials. Diss. Doc. (Engineering). Tomsk. 2000. 231 p. (In Russian).
7. Кара-Сал Б.К. Керамические строительные материалы, полученные обжигом при пониженном давлении (технология, структура и свойства): Дис. … д-ра техн. наук. Новосибирск, 2007. 307 с.
7. Kara-Sal B.K. Ceramic building materials obtained by firing at reduced pressure (technology, structure and properties). Diss. Doc. (Engineering). Novosibirsk. 2007. 307 p. (In Russian).
8. Курносов В.В., Тихонова В.Р. Колпаковая печь – универсальный агрегат для обжига керамики // Строительные материалы. 2023. № 5. С. 48–52. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-813-5-48-52
8. Kurnosov V.V., Tihonova V.R. Hood furnace – universal unit for burning ceramics. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 5, pp. 48–52. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-813-5-48-52
9. Biesuz M., Saunders T.G., Grasso S., Speranza G., Sorarù G.D., Campostrini R., Sglavo V.M., Reece M.J. Flash joining of conductive ceramics in a few seconds by flash spark plasma sintering. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2019. Vol. 39. Iss. 15, pp. 4664–4672 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.07.036
10. Guo J., Floyd R., Lowum S., Maria J.-P., Beauvoir T.H., Seo J.-H., Randall C.A. Cold sintering: progress, challenges, and future opportunities. Annual Review of Materials Research. 2019. Vol. 49. No. 7, pp. 275–295. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070218-010041
11. Galota A., Sglavo V.M. The cold sintering process: A review on processing features, densification mechanisms and perspectives. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2021. Vol. 41. No. 9, pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.09.024
12. Grasso S., Biesuz M., Zoli L., Taveri G., Duff A.I., Ke D., Jiang A., Reece M.J. A review of cold sintering processes. Advances in Applied Ceramics. 2020. Vol. 119, No. 1, pp. 115–143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2019.1706825
13. Guo H., Baker A., Guo J., Randall C.A. Cold sintering process: A novel technique for low-temperature ceramic processing of ferroelectrics. Journal American Ceramic Society. 2016. Vol. 99. No. 11, pp. 3489–3507. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.14554
14. Rowe J.J., Morey G.W., Zen C.S. The quinary reciprocal salt system Na, K, Mg, Ca/Cl, SO₄; a review of the literature with new data. Washington: united states government printing office, 1972. 37 p. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0741/report.pdf

Filtration of suspensions and colloids in porous materials occurs during the construction and operation of hydraulic structures, tunnels and underground storage facilities. Filtration models are used to calculate the penetration of grout into loose soil, when treating drinking water and industrial wastewater. During the filtration process, suspended particles pass through large pores and get stuck at the entrance of small-diameter pores. The trapped particles form a stationary deposit. A model of filtration of a polydisperse suspension in a porous material is considered. The purpose of the work is to study sediment profiles – the dependence of the concentration of deposited particles on the distance to the porous material inlet at a fixed time. An exact solution to the model was constructed using the method of characteristics. It has been shown that when filtering a polydisperse suspension, the distribution of sediment differs for different types of particles. The sediment profile of the largest particles always decreases monotonically, but the sediment profile of the smallest particles is not monotonic. It decreases at short times, then a maximum point appears on the graph, moving along the porous medium as time increases. After the maximum point reaches the porous material exit, the sediment profile becomes monotonically increasing. The sediment profiles of intermediate size particles and the total sediment profile are either monotonic or non-monotonic depending on the model parameters. The behavior of maximum points of non-monotonic profiles has been studied.

L.I. KUZMINA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Associate Professor;
Yu.V. OSIPOV², Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics), Professor

¹ National Research University Higher School of Economics (20, Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation)
² Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Zhu G., Zhang Q., Liu R., Bai J., Li W., Xiao Feng X. Experimental and numerical study on the permeation grouting diffusion mechanism considering filtration effects. Geofluids, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6613990
2. Ибрагимов М.Н., Семкин В.В., Шапошников А.В. Цементация грунтов инъекцией растворов в строи-тельстве. М.: АСВ. 2017. 266 с.
2. Ibragimov M.N., Semkin V.V., Shaposhnikov A.V. Tsementatsiya gruntov inektsiei rastvorov v stroitel’stve [Cementation of soils by injection of solutions in construction]. Moscow: ASV. 2017. 266 p.
3. Christodoulou D., Lokkas P., Droudakis A., Spiliotis X., Kasiteropoulou D., Alamanis N. The development of practice in permeation grouting by using fine-grained cement suspensions. Asian Journal of Enginee-ring and Technology. 2021. Vol. 9 (6), pp. 92–101.https://doi.org/10.24203/ajet.v9i6.6846
4. Мамедов Г.Н., Сулейманова И.Г., Тагиров Б.М. Высокоэффективный легкий заполнитель из стеклосодержащих отходов // Строительные материалы. 2020. № 12. С. 66–71. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-787-12-66-71
4. Mammadov H.N., Suleimanova I.H., Tahirov B.M. High-effective lightweight aggregate obtained from glass-containing waste. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 12, pp. 66–71. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-787-12-66-71
5. Федорова Г.Д., Александров Г.Н., Скрябин А.П. Активация структурообразующих свойств оксида графена в цементных композитах // Строительные материалы. 2020. № 1–2. С. 17–23. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-778-1-2-17-23
5. Fedorova G.D., Aleksandrov G.N., Scryabin A.P. Activation of structure-forming properties of graphene oxide in cement composites. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 1–2, pp. 17–23. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-778-1-2-17-23
6. Федорова Г.Д., Скрябин А.П., Александров Г.Н. Исследование влияния оксида графена на прочность цементного раствора // Строительные материалы. 2019. № 1–2. С. 16–22. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-767-1-2-16-22
6. Fedorova G.D., Skriabin A.P., Aleksandrov G.N. The study of the influence of graphene oxide on the strength of cement stone using river sand. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 1–2, pp. 16–22. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-767-1-2-16-22
7. Guedes R.G., Al-Abduwani F., Bedrikovetsky P., Currie P.K. Deep bed filtration under multiple particle-capture mechanisms. SPE Journal. 2009. Vol. 14. No. 3, pp. 477–487. https://doi.org/10.2118/98623-PA
8. Кузьмина Л.И., Осипов Ю.В., Шайдуллина А.М. Динамика частиц в пористой среде // Промышленное и гражданское строительство. 2021. № 10. C. 72–77. https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2021.10.72-77
8. Kuzmina L.I., Osipov Yu.V., Shaydullina A.M. Particle dynamics in a porous medium. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2021. No. 10, pp. 72–77. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2021.10.72-77
9. Осипов Ю.В., Жеглова Ю.Г. Моделирование переноса и захвата частиц в пористой среде // Промышленное и гражданское строительство. 2019. № 11. С. 56–60. https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2019.11.56-60
9. Osipov Yu.V., Zheglova Yu.G. Modelling of transport and retention of particles in porous media. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2019. No. 11, pp. 56–60. (In Russian).
https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2019.11.56-60
10. Santos A., Bedrikovetsky P., Fontoura S. Analytical micro model for size exclusion: Pore blocking and permeability reduction. Journal of Membrane Science. 2008. Vol. 308, pp. 115–127.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.09.054
11. Bashtani F., Ayatollahi S., Habibi A., Masihi M. Permeability reduction of membranes during particulate suspension flow; analytical micro model of size exclusion mechanism. Journal of Membrane Science. 2013. Vol. 435, pp. 155–164.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.01.043
12. Gitis V., Rubinstein I., Livshits M., Ziskind G. Deep-bed filtration model with multistage deposition kinetics. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2010. Vol. 163, pp. 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.07.044
13. Сафина Г.Л. Моделирование фильтрации двухчастичной суспензии в пористой среде // Промышленное и гражданское строительство. 2022. № 2. С. 31–35. https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2022.02.31-35
13. Safina G.L. Modelling of filtration of a two-particle suspension in a porous medium. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2022. No. 2, pp. 31–35. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2022.02.31-35
14. Sun N.Z. Mathematical modeling of groundwater pollution. New York: Springer. 2014. 377 p.
15. Herzig J.P., Leclerc D.M., le Goff P. Flow of suspensions through porous media–application to deep filtration. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 1970. Vol. 62. No. 5, pp. 8–35.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50725a003
16. Bedrikovetsky P. Upscaling of stochastic micro model for suspension transport in porous media. Transport in Porous Media. 2008. Vol. 75. No. 3, pp. 335–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-008-9228-6
17. Kuzmina L.I., Osipov Yu.V. Determining the Lengmur coefficient of the filtration problem. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. 2020. Vol. 16. No. 4, pp. 48–54. https://doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2020-16-4-48-54
18. Кузьмина Л.И., Осипов Ю.В. Фильтрация частиц в пористом материале // Строительные материалы. 2023. № 9. C. 89–93. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-817-9-89-93
18. Kuzmina L.I., Osipov Yu.V. Filtration of suspension in a porous material. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 9, pp. 89–93. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-817-9-89-93
19. Vyazmina E.A., Bedrikovetskii P.G., Polyanin A.D. New classes of exact solutions to nonlinear sets of equations in the theory of filtration and convective mass transfer. Theoretical foundations of chemical engineering. 2007. Vol. 41. No. 5, pp. 556–564.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040579507050168
20. Zhang H., Malgaresi G.V.C., Bedrikovetsky P. Exact solutions for suspension colloidal transport with multiple capture mechanisms. International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics. 2018. Vol. 105, pp. 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2018.07.007
21. Полянин А.Д. Точные решения дифференциальных, интегральных, функциональных и других математических уравнений. М.: ИПМех РАН, 2023. 600 с.
21. Polyanin A.D. Tochnye resheniya differentsial’nykh, integral’nykh, funktsional’nykh i drugikh matematicheskikh uravnenii [Exact solutions to differential, integral, functional and other mathematical equations]. Moscow: IPMech RAN. 2023. 600 p.
22. Полянин А.Д., Журов А.И. Методы разделения переменных и точные решения нелинейных уравнений математической физики. М.: ИПМех РАН, 2021. 383 с.
22. Polyanin A.D., Zhurov A.I. Metody razdeleniya peremennykh i tochnye resheniya nelineinykh uravnenii matematicheskoi fiziki [Methods of separation of variables and exact solutions to nonlinear equations of mathematical physics]. Moscow: IPMech RAN. 2021. 383 p.
23. Кузьмина Л.И., Осипов Ю.В., Царева В.И. Обратная задача для линейной функции фильтрации // Промышленное и гражданское строительство. 2020. № 6. С. 64–68.
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23. Kuzmina L.I., Osipov Yu.V., Tsareva V.I. Inverse problem for a linear filtration function. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2020. No. 6, pp. 64–68. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2020.06.64-68
24. Alvarez A.C., Hime G., Marchesin D., Bedrikovetsky P.G. The inverse problem of determining the filtration function and permeability reduction in flow of water with particles in porous media. Transport in Porous Media. 2007. Vol. 70. No. 1, pp. 43–62.
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27. Osipov Yu.V., Astakhov M.D. Calculation of filtration of bidisperse suspension in a porous medium. Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyj vestnik Prikaspiya. 2020. Vol. 31. No. 1, pp. 69–72. (In Russian).

Elastic self-adhesive radiation protective coatings with high adhesive strength to various substrates have been developed and can be applied to surfaces of any shape. In terms of radiation protection properties, they surpass foreign analogues by 15–35% barite-containing at an energy of 0.059 MeV, by 8%, 30% and even 200% tungsten-containing at an energy of 0.661 MeV. In terms of cost, tungsten-containing materials are 2–3 times cheaper than foreign analogues, and barite materials are 67–109 times cheaper than foreign analogues, and 2–3.5 times cheaper than domestic ones. With an absorbed radiation dose of 2.62.10⁷ Gy (threshold value of 10⁵ Gy), they retain radiation-protective properties and have minor damage.

V.I. RIMSHIN^1,2, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.D. CHERKASOV³, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
D.V. CHERKASOV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.K. SAVIN¹, Doctor of Sciences, Corresponding Member of RAACS

¹ Research Institute of Building Physics of RAACS (21, Lokomotivny proezd, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
³ National Research Mordovia State University named after N.P. Ogarev (68, Bolshevistskaya Street, Saransk, 430005, Russian Federation)

1. Cherkasov V.D., Pilshchikov V.O., Avdonin V.V., Yurkin Yu.V. Self-adhesive radiation protective coatings. Regional’naya arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2019. No. 4 (41), pp. 20–26. (In Russian).
2. Mikaeva S.A., Mikaeva A.S., Boychuk M.I. Protective coating for radiation sources Avtomatizatsiya. Sovremennyye tekhnologii. 2016. No. 7, pp. 34–36. (In Russian).
3. Cherkasov V.D., Avdonin V.V., Cherkasov D.V., Shcherbak Yu.P., Yurkin Yu.V. Self-adhesive radio-absorbing coatings. Regional’naya arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2022. No. 4 (53), pp. 41–50. (In Russian).
4. Pavlenko V.I., Yastrebinsky R.N. Polimernyye radiatsionno-zashchitnyye kompozity: monografiya [Polymer radiation-protective composites: monograph]. Belgorod: BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov. 2009. 219 p.
5. Pavlenko V.I., Sokolenko I.V., Noskov A.V. New type composite material for complex radiation protection. Chemistry and chemical technology. 2015. Iss. 6. Vol. 58, pp. 66–69. (In Russian).
6. Pavlenko V.I., Bondarenko G.G., Cherkashina N.I. Development of neutron-shielding polymer composites based on finely ground titanium hydride. Perspektivnyye materialy. 2016. No. 7, pp. 16–21. (In Russian).
7. Draganyuk O.N., Telegin S.V. Optimization of the ratio of components in the layers of the radiation-protective screen. Design and production of aircraft, space research and projects: Reshetnev readings. Krasnoyarsk. 2016, pp. 21–22. (In Russian).
8. Khozin V.G. Construction sealants. Operating conditions, requirements for properties. Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference «Production and consumption of sealants and other construction compositions: status and prospects». Kazan. 1997, pp. 9–20. (In Russian).
9. Ivanenko T.A., Kolbutova L.I. Self-adhesive materials and their application in plastics processing. Klei. Germetiki. Tekhnologii. 2006. No. 3, pp. 19–22. (In Russian).
10. Kimel L.R., Mashkovich V.P. Zashchita ot ioniziruyushchikh izlucheniy: spravochnik [Protection from ionizing radiation: reference book. 2nd ed.] Moscow: Atomizdat. 1972. 312 p.
11. Özdemir T., Güngör A., Reyhancan İ.A. Flexible neutron shielding composite material of EPDM rubber with boron trioxide: Mechanical, thermal investigations and neutron shielding tests. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2017. Vol. 131, pp. 7–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.10.012
12. Ochkina N.A. Influence of the type and concentration of filler on the radiation-protective properties of the composite. Obrazovaniye i nauka v sovremennom mire. Innovatsii. 2018. No. 5 (18), pp. 205–211. (In Russian).
13. Bormotov A.N., Proshin A.P., Bazhenov Yu.M., Danilov A.M., Sokolova Yu.A. Polimernyye kompozitsionnyye materialy dlya zashchity ot radiatsii: monografiya [Polymer composite materials for radiation protection: monograph]. Moscow: Paleotype Publishing House, 2006. 272 p.
14. Rimshin V.I., Kalaydo A.V., Semenova M.N., Borsch V.A. Construction technologies for ensuring radon safety of buildings. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 6, pp. 33–38. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-814-6-33-38
15. Rimshin V.I., Kalaydo A.V., Semenova M.N., Davyskiba O.V. Calculation of underground walling according to the criteria of a building radon safety. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 7, pp. 40–46. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-7-40-46
16. Rimshin V.I., Kalaido A.V., Semenova M.N., Nikitin A.A., Molchanova A.E. Radiation risks in the textile industry. Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. Technology of textile industry. 2023. No. 4 (406), pp. 185–191. (In Russian).
17. Telichenko V., Rimshin V., Kalaido A., Marya S. prediction of the radon situation in buildings constructed under the renovation program. E3S Web Conference. 2023. Vol. 457. International Scientific and Practical Symposium «The Future of the Construction Industry: Challenges and Development Prospects» (FCI-2023). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345702041

The results of the study of the effect of industrial fireproofing compositions on the weight loss of samples of solid pine and aspen wood during combustion are presented. Fireproofing compositions of different brands was introduced in the form of ready-made solutions (with a consumption of 500–600 g/m²) by impregnation of test samples of coniferous and deciduous wood. It has been established that, from the point of view of mass loss during combustion fireproofing compositions have different efficiency: the best of them provided I group of fire retardant efficiency. For a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the use of various industrial flame retardants, the method of analysis of variance was used. The hypothesis about the effect of interaction between the type of wood and the grade of OS was tested, and the significance of the influence of factors on the weight loss of samples during combustion was assessed. It has been established that the effect of interaction between the type of wood and the type of fire retardant composition is 3.51 times greater than the effect of the type of wood, which is due to both the structural differences between aspen and pine wood, and the unequal absorption of OS of different operating principles into the outer layers of the wood material. It was determined that the degree of influence of the type of wood (aspen, pine) on the loss of mass of wood material during combustion is 62.3 times less than the influence of the type of fire retardant composition.

A.A. TITUNIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.A. FEDOTOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Kostroma State University (17/11, Dzerzhinskogo Street, Kostroma, 156005, Russian Federation)

1. Aseeva R.M., Serkov B.B., Sivenkov A.B. Gorenje and fire hazard of wood. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’. 2012. Vol. 21. No. 1, pp. 19–32. (In Russian).
2. Mensah R.A., Jiang L., Renner J.S., Xu Q. Characterisation of the fire behaviour of wood: From pyrolysis to fire retardant mechanisms. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2023. No. 148, pp. 1407–1422.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11442-0
3. Fedotov I.O., Sivenkov A.B. Problems and prospects of using flame retardants for wooden structures. Problems of technosphere safety: Materials of the international scientific and practical conference of young scientists and specialists. Academy of the State Fire Service. 2021. No. 10, pp. 65–69. (In Russian).
4. Zaripov I.I., Vikhareva I.N., Buylova E.A., Berestova T.V., Mazitova A.K. Additives for reducing the flammability of polymers. Nanotekhnologii v stroitel’stve: scientific Internet-journal. 2022. Vol. 14. No. 2, pp. 156–161. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-2-156-161
5. Khalturinskii N.A., Popova T.V., Berlin A.A. Gorenje of polymers and mechanism action of flame retardants. Uspekhi khimii. 1984. Vol. 53. No. 2, pp. 326–346. (In Russian).
6. Varfolomeev S., Lomakin S., Sakharov P. Flame retardants: the Russian period. The Chemical Journal. 2010. No. 1–2, pp. 42–45. (In Russian).
7. Sivenkov A.B., Serkov B.B., Aseeva R.M. Flame retardant coatings based on modified polysaccharides. Part 1. Research on flammability and flammability. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’. 2002. Vol. 11. No. 1, pp. 39–44. (In Russian).
8. Fedotov I.O., Sivenkov A.B., Islyambek D.B., Naganovskii Yu.K. Thermodestructive transformations of wood in the presence of gorenje retardants have a different mechanism of fire protection. In the book: Polymer materials with reduced flammability. Collection materials of the XI International Conference. Editor-in-chief M.A. Vaniev, A.B. Sivenkov. Volgograd, 2023, pp. 142–146. (In Russian).
9. Panev N.M., Vorontsova A.A., Komelkov V.A., Nikiforov A.L., Tsirkina O.G. Topical issues of the development of flame retardant compositions for wood. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii.
Tekhnologiya legkoi promyshlennosti. 2017. Vol. 36. No. 2, pp. 66–69. (In Russian).
10. Akinin N.I., Mel’nikov N.O., Maksimenko S.A. Issues of reducing the fire danger of wood. Vektor nauki TGU. 2013. No. 3, pp. 28–31. (In Russian).
11. Bezzaponnaya O.V., Golovina E.V., Akulov A.Yu., Kalach A.V., Sharapov S.V., Kalach E.V. Ways to improve flame retardant thermally expanding compounds for use at oil and gas facilities. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’. 2017. No. 12. Vol. 26, pp. 14–24. (In Russian).
12. Pokrovskaya E.N., Kobelev A.A. The structure and properties of the surface coke layers and their effect on the fire protection of wood in the presence of phosphorus and organosilicon compounds. Polymer materials of reduced flammability. Proceedings of the VI International Conference. Vologda, 2011, pp. 17–20. (In Russian).
13. Pokrovskaya E.N., Kobelev A.A., Naganovsky Yu.K. Mechanism and effectiveness fire protection of organosilicon phosphorous systems for wood. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’. 2009. Vol. 18. No. 3, pp. 44–48. (In Russian).
14. Petrova E.A. Reduction of wood combustibility. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 11, pp. 59–61. (In Russian).
15. Antsupov E.V., Rodivilov S.M. Flame retardants for porous materials. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’. 2011. Vol. 20. No. 10, pp. 25–32. (In Russian).
16. Korolchenko O.N., Tsarichenko S.G., Konstantino-va N.I. On the issue of fire hazard properties of fire-protected wood. Pozharovzryvobezopasnost’. 2021. Vol. 30. No. 2, pp. 23–34. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.22227/PVB.2021.30.02.23-34
17. Kobelev A.A., Konstantinova N.I., Korolchenko O.N., Tsarichenko S.G., Bokova E.S. Investigation of the parameters of flammability and the process of thermal oxidative decomposition of wood in the presence of effective means of fire protection. Nanotekhnologii v stroitel’stve: scientific Internet-journal. 2023. Vol. 15. No. 5, pp. 474–481. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.15828/2075-8545-2023-15-5-474-481
18. Martinka J., Rantuch P. & Liner M. Calculation of charring rate and char depth of spruce and pine wood from mass loss. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry. 2018. Vol. 132, pp. 1105–1113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7039-8
19. Borisov A.Yu., Kolesnikov G.N. Fire protection of thin-dimensional roof elements made of aspen and pine. Bezopasnost’ v tekhnosfere. 2016. No. 3, pp. 58–64. (In Russian).
20. Kazyakhmetova D.T., Khasanova G.Sh., Tarakhno E.V. Gorenje inhibitors of cellulose-containing materials. Problemy pozharnoi bezopasnosti. Collection of scientific papers. 2014. Iss. 36, pp. 87–95. (In Russian).

The present research responds to two current tendencies, such as circular economy, involving reuse of industrial waste, and green chemistry, presupposing application of renewable resources and technologies, which minimize the negative environmental impact. The present article is dedicated to the study of the application of rice husk and its ash as a filled for epoxy composite materials. Rice husk represents a multi-tonnage agricultural by-product, subject to recycling, and at the same time, is a valuable source of amorphous silica. Temperature regime of rice husk ash (RHA) production, optimum content and particle size of filler providing maximum modifying effect were determined. The influence of modifying fillers on the complex of operational properties of filled epoxy compositions including hardness, wear resistance, adhesion to steel and aluminium and antifriction properties of epoxy coatings has been established. A comparative analysis of the properties of modified compositions with non-filled ones and with compositions filled with fully amorphous silica, including industrial analogue Aerosil 300, has been carried out. It has been established that the best compatibility with polymer epoxy matrix is possessed by rice husk ash obtained at the combustion temperature of 500^оC introduced in the amount of 10 mass parts per 100 mass parts of epoxy polymer.

A.G. SOKOLOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (as.falconi@yandexlru)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Abzaldinov Kh.S., Yarullin A.F., Temnikova N.E., Efremov S.A., Nechipurenko S.V., Kasperovich A.V., Kazakov Yu.M., Stoyanov O.V. Current trends in the field of modification polymers with fillers based on plant raw materials (review). Vestnik Technologicheskogo Universiteta. 2023. Vol. 26 No. 10, pp. 57–68. (In Russian).
2. Sokolova A.G. Polyvinylchloride composite materials filled with rice husk and its ash: comparative analysis with foreign alternatives. Ekonomika stroitel’stva. 2023. No. 11, pp. 93–96. (In Russian).
3. Sokolova A.G. Renewable raw materials and resource-saving technologies in construction industry. Ekonomika stroitel’stva. 2023. No. 8, pp. 95–99. (In Russian).
4. Rogovina S.Z., Prut E.V., Berlin A.A. Composite materials based on synthetic polymers reinforced with natural fibers. Visokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya. Seriya A. 2019. Vol. 61. No. 4, pp. 291–315. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2308112019040084
5. Bisht N., Gope P.C. Effect of rice husk (treated/untreated) and rice husk ash on fracture toughness of epoxy bio-composite. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials. 2020. Iss. 29, pp. 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2020-0018
6. Abdaliev U.K., Ysmanov E.M., Asanov R.E., Doolotbek K.G.L. Receiving and restoration of silicon from ashes of the rice peel with iodination by the diffusive and transport method. Izvestiya of the Osh Technological University. 2019. No. 3, pp. 51–54. (In Russian).
7. Gotlib Е.М., Nha Phoung H.T., Islamova G.G., Lygina Т.Z., Yamaleeva E.S., Mishagin К.А. Cost-effective use of resources provided by qualified utilizing of rice processing waste. Electronic network polythematic journal “Nauchnie Trudi KubGTU”. 2019. No. 3, pp. 803–816. http://ntk.kubstu.ru/file/2606 (In Russian).
8. Fernandez I.J., Santos R.V., Araujo dos Santos E.C., Rocha T.L.A.C., Dominguez Junior N.S., Moraes C.A.M. Replacement of commercial silica by rice husk ash in epoxy composites: a comparative analysis. Materials Research. 2018. Iss. 21 (3). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2016-0562
9. Ashkar N. L., Morsi A., Tarek А. The use of nanoparticles derived from rice husk as a mineral binder. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 5, pp. 25–31. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-770-5-25-31
10. Gotlib Е.М., Perushkina E.V., Ntsoumou R.Sh., Yamaleeva Е.S. Effects of rice and buckwheat husk ash on the biodegradability of epoxy materials. Izvestija of universities. Applied chemistry and biotechnology. 2022. Vol. 12. No. 3, pp. 447–454. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2022-12-3-447-454
11. Nguyen Z.H., Zenitova L.A., Le K.Z., Bui D.T.T. The use of burnet rice processing waste for nanosilica production. Butlerovskye Soobshchenia. 2019. Vol. 57. No. 3, pp. 155–161. (In Russian).
12. Nakamura Y., Ono Y., Saito T., Isogai A. Characterization of cellulose microfibrils, cellulose molecules, and hemicelluloses in buckwheat and rice husks. Cellulose. 2019. Vol. 26. Iss. 11, pp. 6529–6541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02560-4
13. Andrzejewski, J., Barczewski, M., Szostak, M. Injection Molding of Highly Filled Polypropelene-based Biocomposites. Buckwheat Husk and Wood Flour Filler: A Comparison of Agricultural and Wood Industry Waste Utilization. Polymers. 2019. Iss. 11 (11). P. 1881. https://doi.org/0.3390/polym11111881
14. Gotlib E.M., Zenitova L.A., Gimranova A.R., Sokolova A.G. Influence of the method of obtaining filler from rice wastes on their composition, properties and modifying effect in epoxy compositions. Izvestija of higher educational institutions. Construction. 2023. No. 1 (769), pp. 35–49. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32683/0536-1052-2023-769-1-35-49
15. Darekar V.S., Kulthe M.G., Goyal A. et al. Rice Husk Ash: Effective Reinforcement for Epoxy-Based Composites for Electronic Applications. 2023. Journal of Electronic Materials. Vol. 53, pp. 1344–1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-023-10835-7
16. Gotlib E.M., Sadykova D.F., Sokolova A.G., Cherezova E.N. The study of modification of PVC-materials by rice husk ash including activated by cationic surfactant and wollastonite on its basis. E3S Web of Conferences, XXVI International Scientific Conference “Construction the Formation of Living Environment” (FORM-2023). Vol. 410. EDP Sciences, 2023, art. 01002. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341001002
17. Gotlib Е.М., Yamaleeva Е.S., Valeeva А.R., Gimrano-va А.R., Ntsoumou R.Sh. Influence of fillers produced on the basis of grain processing waste on the chemical resistance of epoxy materials. Polzunovskiy vestnik. 2022. No. 3, pp. 222–229. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.25712/ASTU.2072-8921.2022.03.030
18. Tsvetkov M.V., Podlesny D.N., Zaichenko A.Yu., Salganskaya M.V., Tsvetkova Yu.Yu., Freiman V.M., Salgansky E.A. Ash fusibility of vegetable waste products in the conditions of high-temperature processing. Zhurnal prikladnoj himii. 2021. Vol. 94. No. 3, pp. 371–379. (In Russian)
19. Gotlib E.M., Nha Phoung H.T., Khasanova A.R, Sokolova A.G. Epoxy coatings fillers on the rice husk base. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering: 28th Annual Russian-Polish-Slovak Seminar on Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering. Zilina. 2019. Vol. 661, pp. 012123. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/661/1/012123
20. Valeeva A.R., Gareev B.I., Sitnov S.A., Sokolova A.G., Gotlib E.M. Wear-resistant epoxy materials filled with rice and buckwheat husk products. Ekonomika stroitel’stva. 2022. No. 8, pp. 46–54. (In Russian).

The improvement and creation of new production technologies is largely determined by the level of innovation in the field of materials science. In this paper, the experience of practical implementation of innovative building materials and products made of light steel thin-walled structures in the real sector of the economy is considered. Suggestions are given for possible use in state programs for the restoration and development of new territories of Russia. The problem of economic recovery, creation of new jobs, implementation of development programs for specific subjects of new territories can be solved by consolidating the subjects of the Russian Federation and forming professional construction teams on the basis of specialized enterprises of the subject of the Russian Federation for the implementation of state programs. The authors, if necessary, offer services for training and transfer of scientific and technical knowledge to Customer specialists at the place of construction of prefabricated facilities.

S.M. ANPILOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Advisor of RAACS, Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.T. EROFEEV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Academician of RAACS, Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.I. RIMSHIN², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAACS, Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
Yu.L. SKOLUBOVICH¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAACS, Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.N. SOROCHAIKIN³, Doctor of Sciences (Philosophy), Candidate of Sciences (Economy), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (NGASU) (159, Turgeneva Street, Novosibirsk, 630008, Russiaт Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
³ ANO “Institute of Forensic Construction and Technical Expertise (ISSTE)” (35A, Yuzhnoye Highway, Tolyatti, 445047, Russian Federation)

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38. Anpilov S.M., Yeryshev V.A., Murashkin G.V., Sorochaykin A.N. Application of normative and technical documents in the design and construction of buildings and structures using LSTC and reinforcing flooring “BIZON” Tolyatti: ANO “Institute of Judicial construction and Technical expertise”. 2021. 82 p.
39. Patent No. 2552506 C1 Russian Federation, IPC E04B 2/86. Sposob vozvedeniya monolitnykh konstruktsiy zdaniy i nes”yemnaya universal’naya modul’naya opalubochnaya sistema: № 2014105016/03/ [Method for erecting monolithic building structures and permanent universal modular formwork system: No. 2014105016/03] Anpilov S.M., Anpilov M.S. Declared 11.02.2014. Published 10.06.2015. (In Russian). EDN FNUUAY
40. Nefedov G.V. Construction of medium-storey residential buildings on frames of light steel thin-walled structures. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2020, No. 7, pp. 10–15. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2020.07.10-15
41. Patent No. 2669635 C1 Russian Federation, IPC E04G 9/06. Opalubochnyy element stalezhelezobetonnykh perekrytiy: № 2017139847 [Formwork element for composite concrete floors: No. 2017139847]. Anpilov S.M., Anpilov M.S., Kitaykin A.N. Declared 15.11.2017. Published 12.10.2018. (In Russian). EDN HJHQKJ
42. Patent No. 2561127 C1 Russian Federation, IPC E04G 11/40, E04B 5/40. Nesemnaya opalubka monolitnogo perekrytiya: № 2014111706/03 [Permanent formwork for monolithic floors: No. 2014111706/03] Anpilov S.M., Eryshev V.A., Anpilov M.S. et al. Declared 26.03.2014. Published 20.08.2015. (In Russian). EDN ZFJZED
43. Patent No. 2818958 C1 Russian Federation, IPC E04B 5/32. Oblegchennoye perekrytiye: № 2023121224 [Lightweight overlap: No. 2023121224] Anpilov S.M., Bondar V.V., Leonovich S.N., Pavlik A.V., Panfilov D.A., Rimshin V.I., Sorochaikin A.N., Skolubovich Yu.L. Declared 11.08.2023. Published 07.05.2024. Bulletin 13. (In Russian).
44. Plotnikov V.V. Sovremennye konstruktsionnye, teploizolyatsionnye i otdelochnye materialy dlya sten energoeffektivnykh zdanii [Modern structural, thermal insulation and finishing materials for walls of energy-efficient buildings]. Bryansk: BGITA. 2023. 168 p.

To prevent biofouling of cement stone and its damage by fungal microorganisms, it is proposed to introduce 0,5 wt. % calcium stearate into the cement mixture. To ensure volumetric hydrophobization of cement stone, the additive is crushed to nanoparticles. The cement stone was cured in the air for 28 days. To study fungal corrosion, the surface of the cement stone was treated with a suspension of pores of Aspergillus niger fungi. The hydrophobic surface of the cement stone was not biofouled by fungal microorganisms Aspergillus niger during 6 months of the samples being in a humid environment, and black mold foci developed on the surface of ordinary cement stone during this period of time. The action of fungi and their waste products caused a decrease in the amount of calcium in the cement stone by 9 %, and had no effect on the hydrophobized cement stone. Due to the immunity of cement stone with a hydrophobizer to the action of microorganisms and water, free calcium hydroxide is not removed from the structure, but some amount is washed out of the surface layer and the pore liquid. A significant slowdown in mass transfer in cement stone under the action of liquids is provided by the hydrophobicity of the surface of cement stone and the walls of pores and capillaries, imparted by calcium stearate, as well as partial colmatation of the pore structure by means of the introduced additive.

K.B. STROKIN¹, Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Advisor of RAACS (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.A. GALTSEV¹, Senior Lecturer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.S. KONOVALOVA², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
B.E. NARMANIYA³, Postgraduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Sakhalin State University (33, Kommunisticheskiy Avenue, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693000, Russian Federation)
² Ivanovo State Polytechnic University (21, Sheremetevskiy Avenue, Ivanovo, 153000, Russian Federation)
³ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

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Under operating conditions, the protective layer of concrete undergoes significant internal and external influences that lead to the formation of cracks. To increase the reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures, it is proposed to install fiberglass nets in the protective layer of concrete, which is most susceptible to various aggressive influences during the operation of structures. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of fiberglass nets on increasing the crack resistance of the protective layer of concrete. The forces in the stretched concrete and in the rods of the fiberglass mesh located in the protective layer of concrete are calculated theoretically and using the software package «LIRA-CAD 2016» for a strip of concrete reinforced with a fiberglass mesh. The relative movements of the nodes in concrete and in the grid are determined and the obtained values are compared. As a result of the study, it was found that with a short-term effect of the load, fiberglass nets in the protective layer of concrete do not significantly affect the formation of cracks, with a long-term effect of the load, the presence of fiberglass nets reduces the formation of cracks by up to 2%. After the formation of microcracks in concrete, including from shrinkage deformations, fiberglass nets significantly hinder their further development.

A.V. KURSHPEL, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
T.E. LYSKOVA, Master (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia, B.N. Yeltsin, Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture(17, Mira Street, 620002, Ekaterinburg)

1. Karpenko N.I., Karpenko S.N. On the determination of concrete strength under triaxial compression. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2013. No. 7, pp. 27–28. (In Russian).
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3. Tang V.L., Bulgakov B.I., Aleksandrova O.V. Mathematical modeling of the influence of raw materials on the strength of high-quality fine-grained concrete under compression. Vestnik of MGSU. 2017. Vol. 12. No. 9 (108), pp. 999–1009. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2017.9.999-1009
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5. Gaohang Lv, Kai Wang, Xuesen Zhang, Chuanyi Ma, Quanyi Xie, Jian Liu. A characteristic model for the relationship between cracking and bearing performance of reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2024. Vol. 428. 136335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136335
6. Xiao Zhang, Kaixiang Liu, Jiacheng Zhang, Jiahang Hao, Shujie Han, Xiaolong Wang, Yijun Peng. Characteristics of crack spacing and crack width movement of early-age partially continuous reinforced concrete pavement under environmental loading:A full-scale field investigation. Construction and Building Materials. 2024. Vol. 422. 135832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135832
7. Karpenko N.I., Kolchunov Vl.I., Kolchunov V.I., Travush V.I., Dem’yanov A.I. Deformation of reinforced concrete structures during bending with torsion. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2021. No. 6, pp. 48–56. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2021-792-6-48-56
8. Yating Zhang, Jeffery Roesler, Sachindra Dahal. Predicting transverse crack properties in continuously reinforced concrete pavement. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. Vol. 364. 129842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129842
9. Kurshpel A.V., Kurshpel V.Kh. About the mechanism of destruction of the protective layer of concrete due to reinforcement corrosion. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2021. No. 12, pp. 55–60. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2021-798-12-55-60
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17. Russian Federation Patent No. 2744905 Sposob povysheniya nadezhnosti i dolgovechnosti zhelezobetonnykh konstruktsiy [Method for increasing the reliability and durability of reinforced concrete structures] / Kurshpel V.Kh., Kurshpel A.V. Declared 26.12.2018. Published 26.06.2020. Bulletin No. 18.

There are several models in which the corrosion rate, rust expansion, and resulting crack propagation around reinforcement can be assessed. The effect of crack-induced corrosion on the behavior of the structure can also be assessed. Several methods have been proposed to evaluate the mechanical performance of reinforced concrete structures with corroded reinforcing bars. Changes in the mechanical properties of reinforcing bars, concrete and their interactions need to be modeled based on the concept of analytical methods. The load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams with reinforcement corrosion was calculated using the finite element method. The influence of reinforcement corrosion is considered from the point of view of changes in the mechanical properties of reinforcement and adhesion of reinforcement to concrete. Instead of reducing the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement, the Young’s modulus and yield strength of the corroded reinforcement are reduced. Numerical modeling of the structural performance of reinforced concrete structures with reinforcement corrosion using a finite element program has shown that modeling of structural deterioration, such as reinforcement corrosion and concrete cover cracking, sometimes has a large impact on the analytical results. The structural characteristics of reinforced concrete elements with reinforcement corrosion are calculated. Using this modeling method, an analysis of the degree of influence of corrosion on structural characteristics was carried out.

S.N. LEONOVICH^1,2, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor, Foreign Academician of RAACS (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Belarusian National Technical University (65 Nezavisimosti Prospect, Minsk, 22OO13, Republic of Belarus)
² Qingdao University of Technology (11, 266033, China, Fushun Rd, Qingdao)

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7. Розенталь Н.К., Степанова В.Ф., Чехний Г.В. О максимально допустимом содержании хлоридов в бетоне // Строительные материалы. 2017. № 1–2. С. 82–85.
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8. Селяев В.П., Куприяшкина Л.И., Седова А.А., Селяев П.В., Колотушкин А.В. Химическое сопротивление цементных композитов действию водных растворов, содержащих ионы хлора // Региональная архитектура и строительство. 2017. № 1 (30). С. 17–24.
8. Selyaev V.P., Kupriyashkina L.I., Sedova A.A., Selyaev P.V., Kolotushkin A.V. Chemical resistance of cement composites to the action of aqueous solutions containing chloride ions // Regional’naya arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2017. No. 1 (30), pp. 17–24. (In Russian).
9. Papadakis V.G., Vayenas C.G. Michael N. Fardis. Experimental investigation and mathematical modeling of the concrete carbonation problem. Chemical Engineering Science. 1991. Vol. 46. Iss. 5–6, pp. 1333–1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(91)85060-B
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-88469390030-D
11. Qinghua Huang, Zhilu Jiang, Weiping Zhang, Xianglin Gu, Xiaojing Dou. Numerical analysis of the effect of coarse aggregate distribution on concrete carbonation. Construction and Building Materials. 2012. Vol. 37, pp. 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.074
12. Maeda K. A study on the numerical analysis of concrete carbonization. Journal of Structural and Structural Engineering. 1989. No 402, pp. 11–19.
13. Ishida T., Maekawa K. Modeling of pH profile in pore water based on mass transport and chemical equilibrium theory. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu. 2000. Vol. 37 (648), pp. 203–215. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2000.648_203
14. Ishida T., Maekawa K., Soltani M. A strong relationship between carbonization rate and thermodynamic state of moisture in the micropores of concrete has been theoretically identified. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology. 2004. Vol. 2 (2), pp. 213–222.
15. Ishida T., Li C. Modeling of carbonation based on thermo-hygro physics with strong coupling of mass transport and equilibrium in micro-pore structure of concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology. 2008. Vol. 6 (2), pp. 303–316. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.6.303
16. Ishida T., Iqbal P.O’Neill, Lan H.T. Anh Modeling of chloride diffusivity coupled with non-linear binding capacity in sound and cracked concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2009. Vol. 39. Iss. 10, pp. 913–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.07.014
17. Гусев Б.В., Файвусович А.С. Расчетные зависимости для прогнозирования технического состояния железобетонных конструкций. Промышленное и гражданское строительство. 2021. № 6. С. 4–12.
17. Gusev B.V., Faivusovich A.S. Calculation dependencies for predicting the technical condition of reinforced concrete structures. Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitel’stvo. 2021. No. 6, pp. 4–12. (In Russian).
18. Van Lam T., Nguen C.C., Bulgakov B.I., Anh P.N. Composition calculation and cracking estimation of concrete at early ages. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2018. No. 6 (82), pp. 136–148.
https://doi.org/10.18720/MCE.82.13
19. Магдеев У.Х., Морозов В.И., Пухаренко Ю.В. Трещинообразование дисперсно-армированных бетонов с позиций механики разрушения. Известия Казанского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета. 2012. № 1 (19). С. 110–117.
19. Magdeev U.Kh., Morozov V.I., Pukharenko Yu.V. Cracking of dispersion-reinforced concrete from the standpoint of fracture mechanics. Izvestiya of the Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2012. No. 1 (19), pp. 110–117. (In Russian).
20. Loa G., Murcia-Delso J., Tarque N. Efficient beam-based model for reinforced concrete walls considering shear-flexure interaction. 2024. Engineering Structures. Vol. 315. 118365.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.118365
21. Maekawa K., Soltani M., Ishida T., Itoyama Y. Time-dependent space-averaged constitutive modeling of cracked reinforced concrete subjected to shrinkage and sustained loads. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology. 2006. 4 (1):193–207. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.4.193
22. Toongoenthong K., Maekawa K. Simulation of coupled corrosive product formation, migration into crack and propagation in reinforced concrete sections. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology. 2005. Vol. 3 (2), pp. 253–265. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.253

The article characterizes Jurassic mudstones of the North-West Caucasus as a potential raw material for the production of clinker tiles with water absorption of less than 3%. It is noted that traditional for the south of Russia raw materials for the production of ceramic bricks and tiles in the last centuries were various types of loams, which are widely distributed almost throughout the territory. However, for a number of reasons, they cannot be considered as raw materials for the production of clinker tiles, for which there has been a steady demand in recent years, especially on the Black Sea coast. Geographically, the Jurassic sediments in the Krasnodar region are traced in a wide strip (50–100 km) at a distance of 20 to 60 km from the coast. These are the oldest rocks in the region. The thickness of numerous mudstones varies from a few to many tens of meters. The chemical composition of mudstones is characterized by the content of aluminum oxide from 17 to 22 %, increased content of potassium oxide and iron oxides. The mineral composition is represented by hydrous mica, kaolinite and chlorite with admixture of quartz and feldspars. Pre-firing properties of argillites can be regulated by the degree of grinding. In terms of sinterability, argillites are qualified as a strong-medium sintering raw material of low-temperature sintering with high strength of ceramic stone. The results and analysis of the obtained data allow us to assert that the Jurassic mudstones of the North-West Caucasus are potentially suitable raw materials for production of clinker tiles with a wide range of physical and technical properties using a simplified technology.

M.E. ORLOVA, Assistant (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
K.A. LAPUNOVA (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Don State Technical University (1, Gagarina Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344003, Russian Federation)

1. Talpa B.V. Jenciklopedija starinnyh kirpichej i cherepicy iz so-branija muzeja «Kirpichnaja biblioteka» [Encyclopedia of antique bricks and tiles from the Brick Library Museum collection]. Rostov-on-Don: JuFU. 2021. 432 pp.
2. Sergeeva E.M., Larionova A.K., Komissarovoj N.N. Ljossovye porody SSSR: v dvuh tomah. Tom 1. Inzhenerno-geologicheskie osobennosti i problemy racional’nogo ispol’zovanija [Loess rocks of the USSR: in two volumes. Vol. 1. Engineering and geological features and problems of rational use]. Moscow: Nedra, 1986. 232 pp.
3. Logvinenko N.V. Petrografija osadochnyh porod [Petrography of sedimentary rocks]. Moscow: Vyschaya schcola, 1984. 450 p.
4. Kalinin P. I. Trifonov V. A., Shishlina N. I. Jevoljucija cherno-zjomov Severo-zapadnogo Kavkaza pod vlijaniem klimaticheskih iz-menenij v pozdnem golocene. Materialy nauchnoj konferencii, po-svjashhennoj 80-letiju kafedry pochvovedenija i upravlenija zemel’ny-mi resursami v 100-letnej istorii Voronezhskogo gosudarstvenno-go universiteta «Chernozemy Central’noj Rossii: genezis, jevolju-cija i problemy racional’nogo ispol’zovanija». Voronezh. IPC «Nauchnaja kniga» 2017, pp. 77–81. (In Russian).
5. Val’kov V.F. Pochvy Juga Rossii [Soils of southern Russia]. Rostov-na-Donu: Jeverest, 2008. 276 p.
6. Carter C.B., Norton M.G. Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering. 2nd Edition. Springer, 2013. 775 pp.
7. Oficial’nyj sajt Federal’nogo agentstva po nedropol’zovaniju. https://rosnedra.gov.ru/data/Fast/Files/202011/4bef8dc423ece4bd04e9e576baff3fce.pdf (data obrashhenija 19.12.2023)
8. Boiko N.I., Sedletskii V.I., Talpa B.V. Prognozirovanie nemetallicheskikh poleznykh iskopaemykh na Severnom Kavkaze [Prediction of non-metallic minerals in the North Caucasus]. Rostov-on-Don: Rostov State University, 1986. 255 p.
9. Metodicheskie rekomendacii po primeneniju Klassifikacii zapasov mestorozhdenij i prognoznyh resursov tverdyh poleznyh iskopaemyh. Glinistye porody. Moscow: MPR, 2007. 37 pp.
10. Avgustinik A.I. Keramika [Ceramics]. Moscow: Strojizdat, 1975. 592 p.
11. Kondratenko V.A. Keramicheskie stenovye materialy: optimizacija ih fiziko-tehnicheskih svojstv i tehnologicheskih parametrov pro-izvodstva [Ceramic wall materials: optimization of their physical and technical properties and technological parameters of production]. Moscow: Kompozit, 2005. 509 pp.
12. Frolov V.T. Litologija [Lithology]. Book 2. Moscow: MGU, 1993. 432 p.
13. Kotlyar A.V. Characteristics of stone-like clay rocks as raw materials for the production of building ceramics. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 4, pp. 31–37. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-801-4-31-37
14. Kuznecov V.G. Litologija. Osadochnye porody i ih izuchenie [Lithology. Sedimentary rocks and their study]. Moscow: Nedra, 2007. 511 pp.
15. Kotljar A.V. Klinkernyj kirpich nizkotemperaturnogo spekanija na osnove argillitopodobnyh glin i argillitov. Cand. Diss. (Engineering). Volgograd. 2018. 199 p. (In Russian).
16. Jashhenko R.A., Terehina Ju.V., Kotljar A.V. Tehnologija poluchenija dorozhnogo klinkernogo kirpicha na osnove argillitov s ispol’zovaniem plavnej. Materialy nacional’noj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Aktual’nye problemy nauki i tehniki. 2019, pp. 760–762. (In Russian).
17. L-37 (Rostov-na-Donu). Gosudarstvennaja geologicheskaja karta Rossijskoj Federacii. Tret’e pokolenie. Geologicheskaja karta doneogenovyh obrazovanij. Skifskaja serija. Karta sostavlena: Severo-Kavkazskoe PGO, FGBU «VSEGEI», 2021. https://www.geokniga.org/maps/33296 (data obrashhenija 10.01.2024). (In Russian).
18. K-37 (Sochi). Gosudarstvennaja geologicheskaja karta Rossijskoj Federacii. Tret’e izdanie. Skifskaja serija. GNC FGUGP Juzhmor-geologija, FGUGP Kavkazgeolsemka, 2009. https://www.geokniga.org/maps/7028 (data obrashhenija 10.01.2024). (In Russian).
19. Teodorovich G.I., Pohvisneva E.A. Litologija i diagenez jurskih otlozhenij Severo-Zapadnogo Kavkaza [Lithology and diagenesis of Jurassic sediments of the Northwest Caucasus]. USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of Geology and Development of Combustible Fossils. Moscow: Nauka, 1964. 104 p.
20. Hmelevcov A.A. Inzhenerno-geologicheskie svojstva argillitopodobnyh glin sochinskoj svity i ih vlijanie na uslovija stroitel’stva v gorode Sochi: diss. … kand. geol.-min. nauk. Rostov-na-Donu, 2014. 157 pp. (In Russian).
21. Kotljar A.V., Cherevkova Ja.V., Mirina V.A., Zamanskij A.M. Argillitopodobnye gliny – perspektivnoe syr’jo dlja proizvod-stva keramicheskoj cherepicy. Materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii «Stroitel’stvo-2015. Sovremennye problemy stroitel’stva». Rostov-na-Donu. RGSU. 2015. pp. 415–418. (In Russian).

Increasing and maintaining the pace of construction and repair work associated with the development of the highway network, as well as improving the quality of communication between subjects and transport hubs, requires a huge amount of resource consumption, and, accordingly, creates a significant burden on the country’s economy. One of the rational solutions in the road construction industry, which allows reducing the cost of raw materials, is the reuse of materials from existing highway structures. The most common options in both domestic and foreign practice is the use of regeneration technologies for the quantitatively predominant asphalt concrete road surfaces. However, when reusing asphalt concrete, in order to establish the recipe and technological features of the designed composites, it is necessary to evaluate the properties of asphalt concrete after wear and the possible mutual influence of the components used in its composition on the formation of the final properties of new composites. In this regard, the presented work is devoted to the analysis of a complex of properties of asphalt granulate samples and the establishment of patterns of their changes depending on the composition and service life. Based on the studies conducted, it was established that the composition of the mineral part of asphalt granulate and the amount of organic binder are within the standardized ranges. Noteworthy is the decrease in the physical and mechanical characteristics of the mineral part with an increase in the service life of asphalt concrete for more than five years, as well as a change in the composition of the organic binder, leading to a decrease in its relaxing ability. Depending on the composition and properties of asphalt granulate, options for its further use are proposed.

M.A. STEPANENKO, Senior Lecturer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.Yu. MARKOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
N.O. LUKYANENKO, graduate student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.V. STROKOVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
L.N. BOTSMAN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Belgorod State Technological University named after. V.G. Shukhova (308012, Belgorod, Kostyukova Street, 46)

1. Chumak K.V., Bodyakov A.N., Zolotykh S.N. Analysis of the problems of scarcity and high cost of stone materials for road construction. The role of innovations in the transformation of modern science: Collection of articles of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Vol. 3. Tyumen, January 15, 2016, pp. 161–164. (In Russian).
2. Sadykov R.K. Problems of mineral resource supply of the construction complex in the Russian Federation. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 3, pp. 41–47. (In Russian).
3. Strokova V.V., Ishmukhametov E.M., Esina A.Yu. et al. Water-based dust suppression compounds: analysis of the state and prospects of development. Vestnik of the Technological University. 2021. Vol. 4. No. 12, pp. 5–38. (In Russian).
4. Strokova V.V., Markova I.Yu., Kobzev V.A. et al. Portable device for determining the effectiveness of dust suppression of dispersions. STIN. 2023. No. 8, pp. 37–40. (In Russian). EDN: IQLBKQ
5. Chistovsky V.V. Regeneration of asphalt concrete pavement during repair and reconstruction of highways. Equipment for the preparation of asphalt concrete mixtures using regenerated asphaltconcrete coating. Annual scientific session ofthe Association of Asphalt Concrete Researchers:collection of reports. Moscow, January 28, 2020, pp. 75–82. (In Russian).
6. Shishinashvili M.T. General overview of asphalt concrete regeneration technology. Theoretical & Applied Science. 2016. No. 11(43), pp. 173–176. (In Russian). http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2016.11.43.32
7. Begunov D.A., Sobchuk S.A., Kamenchukov A.V. Cold regeneration of road surfaces. Materials of the 63rd Student scientific and practical conference of the Engineering and Construction Institute of PSU. Khabarovsk, April 11–20, 2023, pp. 4–7. (In Russian).
8. Kotlyarsky E.V., Kochnev V.I., Olkhovikov V.M., Abramova A.I. Cold regeneration of structural layers in the construction of coatings on municipal roads Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 3, pp. 70–75. (In Russian).
9. Dormidontova T.V., Starostin P.V., Antsiforov I.V. Advantages of using cold regeneration technology in the repair of highways. Tendentsii razvitiya nauki i obrazovaniya. 2021. No. 74–3. pp. 44–47. (In Russian). DOI: 10.18411/lj-06-2021-92
10. Labusov N.V., Belikhin S.V., Greyan A.A., Roze A.N. Asphalt concrete regeneration. SPbPU Science Week: materials of a scientific conference with international participation. St. Petersburg, November 18–23, 2019, pp. 62–65. (In Russian).
11. Zhdanov K.A., Nikiforov A.A., Simchuk A.E. Reuse of asphalt concrete by the method of hot regeneration. Dorogi i mosty. 2022. No. 1(47), pp. 343–368. (In Russian).
12. Yarmolinsky V.A., Zhabkin M.O., Yarmolinskaya E.V. Methods of hot regeneration of asphalt concrete coatings. Far East. Highways and traffic safety: An international collection of scientific papers. Vol. 18. 2018, pp. 89–95. (In Russian).
13. Xing Ch., Tang Sh., Chang Zh., Han Zh., Li H., Zhu B. A comprehensive review on the plant-mixed cold recycling technology of emulsified asphalt: Raw materials and factors affecting performances. Construction and Building Materials. 2024. Vol. 439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137344
14. Features of using cement for cold regeneration of road clothes structures. Avtomobil’nyye dorogi. 2022. No. 3 (1084), pp. 36–37. (In Russian).

Data on the effect of long-term storage of silicate bricks in various conditions: in the air and on the ground, on its strength and phase composition are presented. It has been established that over seven years of storage, there is no decrease in the compressive strength of the brick, regardless of its initial strength. Analysis of the phase composition of the silicate brick showed that portlandite, calcite and tobermorite are present in all samples in addition to quartz. Quantitative analysis of the curves of differential thermal analysis indicates that when storing bricks on the ground, the processes of carbonation of free lime and calcium hydrosilicates in the stone occur much faster, which is probably due to its higher humidity and more favorable conditions for the penetration of carbon dioxide into the depth of the structure. It is likely that a longer period of time is needed to identify the influence of storage conditions and the initial strength of silicate bricks on their durability, which will be a continuation of this study.

Yu.F. PANCHENKO, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
D.А. PANCHENKO, Senior lecturer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.N. MEDVEDEVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M.P. ZELIG, Senior lecturer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
S.V. ILYASOVA, Assistant (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Industrial University of Tyumen (2, Lunacharskogo Street, 625001, Tyumen, Russian Federation)

1. Babkov V.V., Samofeev N.S., Chuykin A.Ye. A silicate brick in external walls constructions of apartment houses: condition analysis, durability forecast and methods of its increasing. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2011. No. 8, pp. 35–40. (In Russian).
2. Kozlova V.K., Lotov V.A., Sarkisov Yu.S., Logvinenko V.V., Rakhmanova I.A., Bozhok E.V. Processes of carbonizing shrinkage of construction materials. Vestnik of Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2019. Vol. 21. No. 3, pp. 178–194. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-3-178-194
3. El’chishcheva T.F. Safe operation of external building envelopes under adverse environmental influences. Vestnik MSUCE. 2019. Vol. 14. No. 5 (128), pp. 570–588. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.5.570-588
4. Novikova N.O., Yartsev V.P. Technical and economic comparison of building materials for enclosing structures of low-rise residential buildings. EUROPEAN RESEARCH: Collection of articles of the XIII International Scientific and Practical Conference: in 2 parts. Penza. 7 December 2017, pp. 94–98. (In Russian).
5. Faseeva G.R., Salahov A.M., Hacrinov A.I. Pore structure and comparative characteristics of brick. Vestnik of the Kazan Technological University. 2010. No. 8, pp. 220–223. (In Russian).
6. Shishkina I.V., Malkova M.Yu. Application of building materials from non-traditional raw materials in modern construction. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstrukciya. 2009. No. 5 (25), pp. 87–90. (In Russian).
7. Khvostenkov S.I. Current problems in the production and use of sand-lime bricks In Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2008. No. 11, pp. 13–17. (In Russian).
8. Zubanov S.V., Tkachyov E.V. Determination of the strength of sand-lime brick and masonry using non-destructive testing methods. Vestnik of the Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Urban planning and architecture. 2013. No. 3 (11), pp. 90–96. (In Russian).
9. Saprykin V.F., Balakshin A.S., Lapshinov A.E. On the causes of damage to the load-bearing brick walls of the building of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of the Moscow Region in Mytishchi. Vestnik MSUCE. 2011. No. 2–1, pp. 136–141. (In Russian).
10. Reshetnikova K.V., Rashchupkina M.A. Structural studies of sand-lime brick. In the collection: Current problems of science and technology through the eyes of young scientists. materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Omsk. 8–9 February 2016, pp. 177–181. (In Russian).
11. Zimakova G.A., Solonina V.A., Zelig M.P., Orlov V.S. Role of aleuropelites in formation of properties of lime-silicate materials of autoclaved hardening. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 9, pp. 4–9. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-763-9-4-9
12. Bessey G.E., Harrison W.H. Some results of exposure tests on durability of calcium silicate bricks. Building Science. 1969. Vol. 4. Iss. 2, рр. 63–77 https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-3628(69)90007-3
13. Cherepanov V.I., Nekrasova E.V., Chernyh N.A. Water resistance of sand-lime brick. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction materials]. 2013. No. 9, pp. 10–11. (In Russian).
14. Volodchenko A.A. The influence of hydrothermal treatment on the properties of silicate materials. Fundamental’nye issledovaniya. 2013. No. 6–6, pp. 1333–1337. (In Russian).
15. Kornev M.V., Korneva T.P. Resistance of silicate materials in water and aggressive environment. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 10, pp. 8–9. (In Russian).
16. Panchenko Yu.F., Panchenko D.A., Nizovskikh A.P., Khafizova E.N. Effect of long-term storage of silicate brick in water on its strength. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2020. No. 11, pp. 24–29. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2020-786-11-24-29