The development of production and application of polymers depends on the need to solve many problems, such as safety, health and food, communications, climate, etc. Construction can be singled out in the first place - this is a large field where new materials are used, including polymers. It is polymers that give freedom of creativity to architects, designers of building structures and structures. Polymer materials are not only the industry of synthetic polymers, but also a promising branch of the construction industry. The basis of all polymer construction products is a small list of basic, primarily large-tonnage polymers. Among thermoplastic polymers - this is polyvinyl chloride. Epoxy polymers, although they do not belong to large-tonnage polymers, but the breadth of their application in construction is extremely wide, due to their manufacturability and unrivaled adhesion to all building materials. The range of properties of materials made of polyvinyl chloride and epoxy polymers is so wide that they allow satisfying the most diverse functional requirements. The directions developed at the Department of Technology of Building Materials, Products and Structures (TSMIK) to promote polymer products in the construction industry are connected with materials based on these two polymers. The article briefly describes the main achievements of the department staff in the field of modification of polyvinyl chloride and epoxy polymers, reveals the problems and prospects of further research, new possibilities and boundaries of their effective application.

V.G. KHOZIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
L.A. ABDRAKHMANOVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.K. NIZAMOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, 420043, Russian Federation)

1. Hazova T.N., Derjushkin D.O. Petrochemicals for the implementation of national development projects. Energeticheskaya politika. 2019. Vol. 141. No. 3, pp. 78–85. (In Russian). EDN: TSVPRS.
2. Hazova T., Gatunok A. Scientific and technological breakthrough in oil and gas chemistry. Energeticheskaya politika. 2021. Vol. 164. No. 10, pp. 12–25. (In Russian). EDN: CINNVI. https://doi.org/10.46920/2409-5516_2021_10164_12
3. Abramov V.V., Chalaya N.M., Abramushkina O.I. Plastics: the world trends of production, application, processing and recycling. Short review of K-2019 and Plast Eurasia 2019 Exhibitions. Plasticheskie massy. 2020. No. 7–8, pp. 53–60. (In Russian). EDN: KBSYWQ. https://doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-7-8-53-60
4. Andrijanova P. Post-release of the conference “Polyester and Epoxy Resins 2018”. Klei. Germetiki. Tehnologii. 2019. No. 1, pp. 43–46. (In Russan). EDN: YXAKDR.
5. Chursova L.V., Panina N.N., Grebeneva T.A., Kutergina I.Ju. Epoksidnye smoly, otverditeli, modifikatory i svyazuyushchie na ikh osnove [Epoxy resins, hardeners, modifiers and binders based on them]. Saint-Petersburg: Professija. 2020. 576 p.
6. Uilki Ch., Sammers D. Polivinilhlorid [Polyvinyl chloride]. Saint-Petersburg: Professija. 2007. 800 p.
7. Nizamov R.K. Polyfunctional fillers for polyvinyl chloride compositions for construction purposes. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2006. No. 7, pp. 68–70. (In Russian). EDN: HTZQPH.
8. Huziahmetova K.R., Islamov A.M., Abdrahmano-va L.A., Nizamov R.K. Compositions based on a mixture of polyvinyl chloride/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers and basalt fibrous fillers. News of higher educational institutions. Construction. 2022. No. 6, pp. 46–55. (In Russian). EDN: UQMQWW. https://doi.org/10.32683/0536-1052-2022-762-6-46-55
9. Khuziakhmetova K.R., Abdrakhmanova L.A., Niza-mov R.K., Potapova L.I. Structure of polymer mixtures based on polyvinyl chloride. Izvestiya KSUAE. 2022. No. 3 (61), pp. 82–89. (In Russian). EDN: JDAYJE. https://doi.org/10.52409/20731523_2022_3_82
10. Irzhak V.I. Epoksidnye polimery i nanokompozity [Epoxy polymers and nanocomposites]. Chernogo-lovka: IPCP of the RAS. 2021. 319 p.
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12. Khozin V.G., Abdrakhmanova L.А., Nizamov R.К. Common concentration pattern of effects of construction materials nanomodification. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 2, pp. 25–33. (In Russian). EDN: TJDRBF.
13. Abdrakhmanova L.A., Galeev R.R., Khantimirov A.G., Khozin V.G. Efficiency of carbon nanostructures in the composition of wood-polymer composites based on polyvinyl chloride. Nanotechnologii v Stroitel’stve. 2021. No. 13 (3), pp. 150–157. (In Russian). EDN: RROOER. https://doi.org/10.15828/2075-8545-2021-13-3-150-157
14. Khantimirov A., Abdrakhmanova L., Khozin V., Nizamov R. Modification of wood-polymer composites with silica sols of different nature. Proceedings of STCCE 2022. Vol. 291, pp. 201–208. EDN: UNBTYI. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14623-7_17
15. Lu Y., Feng M., Zhan H. Preparation of SiO2-wood composites by an ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel technique. Cellulose. 2014. Vol. 21. No. 6, pp. 4393–4403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0437-6
16. Silvano L.T.,Vittorazzo J., Atilio L., Araujo G.R. Effect of Preparation Method on the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of PVC/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites. Materials Research. 2018. Vol. 21 (5), pp. 1148–1154. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2017-1148
17. Ge S., Zuo S., Zhang M. Utilization of decayed wood for polyvinyl chloride/wood flour composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021. Vol. 12, pp. 862–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.026
18. Khantimirov A.G., Sulejmanov A.M., Abdrakhmano-va L.A., Nizamov R.K., Khokhryakov O.V. The effect of modification on the durability of polyvinyl chloride wood-polymer composites. Izvestiya KSUAE. 2023. No. 3 (65), pp. 26–35, (In Russian). EDN: CMSMHV
19. Bae J., Yoon S.-Y. Cure behavior of the liquid-crystalline epoxy/carbonnanotube system and the effect of surface treatment of carbon fillers on cure reaction. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics. 2002. Vol. 203, pp. 2196–2204.
20. Kablov E.N., Kondrashov S.V., Jurkov G.Ju. Prospects for the use of carbon-containing nanoparticles in binders for polymer composite materials. Rossiyskie nanotehnologii. 2013. Vol. 8. No. 3–4, pp. 24–42. (In Russian). EDN: PXWTLJ
21. Kondrashov S.V., Shashkeev K.A., Popkov O.V., Solov’janchik L.V. Physicomechanical properties of nanocomposites with CNTs (review). Trudy VIAM. 2016. No. 5 (41), pp. 61–83. (In Russian). EDN: VVYDZZ. https://doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2016-0-5-8-8
22. Irzhak T.F., Irzhak V.I. Epoxy nanocomposites. Vysokomolekuljarnye soedinenija. Serija A. 2017. Vol. 59. No. 6, pp. 485–522. (In Russian). EDN: ZIEVPV. https://doi.org/10.7868/S2308112017060049
23. Badamshina Je.R., Jestrin Ja.I. Nanomodification of epoxy oligomers. In the collection of abstracts of the V International Conference-School on Chemistry and Physical Chemistry of Oligomers “Oligomers-2015”. Volgograd. 2015, p. 8. (In Russian). EDN: UAJCTJ
24. Khozin V.G., Nizamov R.K., Starovoitova I.A., Zykova E.S., Ayupov D.A., Elrefai A.E.M.M. Anomalous effects of changes in the viscosity of epoxy resins and the plasticity of bitumen when introducing carbon nano-tubes. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 1–2, pp. 11–15. (In Russian). EDN: YYFQWL. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-767-1-2-11-15
25. Andrews R., Jacques D., Minot M., Rantell T. Fabrication of carbon multiwalled nanotube/polymer composites by shear mixing. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 2002. Vol. 287 (6), pp. 395–403.

Vermiculite deposits are a heterogeneous array of micaceous minerals of varying degrees of hydration with a significant number of host rocks.The development of technology and equipment for both the enrichment of vermiculite ores and for the swelling of vermiculite and hydrosludes should be carried out taking into account their mineralogical features and the composition of the host rocks. The UralNIIstrom Institute has developed a series of installations for the enrichment of vermiculite ores and the production of expanded vermiculite. The developed installations are successfully operated in the Russian Federation/ and abroad.

R.Ya. AKHTYAMOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

LLC “Ural Research Institute of Building Materials” (5, bldg. 5, Stalevarov Street, Chelyabinsk, 454047, Russian Federation)

1. L’vova I.A. Mestorozhdeniya vermikulita SSSR [Vermiculite deposits of the USSR]. Leningrad: Nedra, 1974. 222 p.
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4. Axtyamov R.Ya. Vermiculite – raw material for the production of fireproof thermal insulation materials. Ogneupory i texnicheskaya keramika. 2009. No. 1–2. pp. 58–64. (In Russian).
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6. Axtyamov R.Ya. Potaninsky vermiculite is a promising raw material for the production of high-temperature thermal insulation materials. Ogneupory i texnicheskaya keramika. 2011. No. 4–5, pp. 92–96. (In Russian).
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8. Akhtyamov Ya.A., Gemmerling G.V. O napravlenii sovershenstvovaniya vspuchivaniya vermikulita / Stroitel’nye materialy i betony [On the direction of improvement of vermiculite swelling / Construction materials and concrete]. Chelyabinsk: UralNIIstrom-proekt, 1969.
9. Akhtyamov YA.A., Bobrov B.S., Gemmerling G.V., Epel’baum M.B. Obzhig vermikulita [Vermiculite firing]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1972. 129 p.

Studies of the resistance of concretes based on alkali-alkaline earth binders to carbonation are of significant scientific and practical interest in connection with the development of technologies for reducing the carbon footprint in building materials science. These technologies make it possible to ensure the disposal of industrial waste in construction and reduce the use of Portland cement. The article presents the results of a study of the features of the accelerated carbonation of concrete based on dust removal from the mineral wool production cupola at a carbon dioxide concentration of 10% vol. d. Samples with a water-cement ratio of 0.45, 0.55, 0.60 were tested. An aqueous solution of caustic soda with a concentration of 6 mol/l was used as an alkaline activator. It is established that the carbonation rate of the samples has a damping character and is expressed as a power function of the carbonization depth over time. The results of changes in compressive strength before and after carbonation are presented, showing an increase in residual compressive strength due to the use of a low-base binder. The main product of accelerated carbonation is nahcolite.

P.A. FEDOROV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (1, Kosmonavtov Sreet, Ufa, 450064, Russian Federation)

1. Snellings R., Suraneni P., Skibsted J. Future and emerging supplementary cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2023. Vol. 171. 107199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107199
2. Рахимова Н.Р., Рахимов Р.З. XVI Международный конгресс по химии цемента «Дальнейшая декарбонизация и циркуляционное производство и применение цемента и бетона» // Строительные материалы. 2024. № 1–2. C. 95–99. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2024-821-1-2-95-99
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3. Гаркави М.С., Артамонов А.В., Колодежная Е.В., Дергунов С.А., Сериков С.В. Формирование нано-систем при твердении композиционных цементов центробежно-ударного измельчения // Строительные материалы. 2023. № 3. С. 39–42. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-811-3-39-42
3. Garkavi M.S., Artamonov A.V., Kolodezhnaya E.V., Dergunov S.A., Serikov S.V. Formation of nanosystems during hardening of composite cements of centrifugal-impact grinding. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 3, pp. 39–42. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-811-3-39-42
4. Саламанова М.Ш., Исмаилова З.Х. Промышлен-ный опыт внедрения бесклинкерных вяжущих щелочной активации // Вестник Дагестанского государственного технического университета. Технические науки. 2021. Т. 48. № 3. C. 106–116. https://doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2021-48-3-106-116
4. Salamanova M.Sh., Ismailova Z.Kh. Industrial experience in the implementation of clinker-free binders of alkaline activation. Vestnik of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences. 2021. Vol. 48. No. 3, pp. 106–116. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2021-48-3-106-116
5. Luo Z., Yang X., Ji H., Zhang C. Carbonation model and prediction of polyvinyl alcohol fiber concrete with fiber length and content effects. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2022. Vol. 16. No. 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-022-00503-1
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6. Shtark I., Viht B. Dolgovechnost’ betona [Durability of concrete]. Kyiv: Oranta. 2004. 301 p.
7. Von Greve-Dierfeld S., Lothenbach B., Vollpracht A. et al. Understanding the carbonation of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials: a critical review by RILEM TC 281-CCC. Materials and Structures. 2020. Vol. 53. No. 6. 136. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-020-01558-w
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9. Pasupathy K., Berndt M., Castel A., Sanjayan J., Pathmanathan R. Carbonation of a blended slag-fly ash geopolymer concrete in field conditions after 8 years. Construction and Building Materials. 2016. Vol. 125, pp. 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.078
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10. Novgorodskiy V.I. Osnovy dolgovechnosti zhelezobetonnyh konstrukcij [Basics of durability of reinforced concrete structures]. Moscow: Sputnik+ Publishing House. 2015. 362 p.
11. Longhi M.A., Rodríguez E.D., Walkley B., Zhang Z., Kirchheim A.P. Metakaolin-based geopolymers: Relation between formulation, physicochemical properties and efflorescence formation. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2020. Vol. 182. 107671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107671
12. Beltrame N.Ap.M., Dias R.L., Witzke F.B., Medeiros-Junior R.A. Effect of carbonation curing on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. Vol. 406. 133403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133403
13. Pasupathy K., Sanjayan J., Rajeev P. Evaluation of alkalinity changes and carbonation of geopolymer concrete exposed to wetting and drying. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021. Vol. 35. 102029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102029
14. Bernal S.A., Provis J.L., Brice D.G., Kilcullen A., Duxson P., Van Deventer J.S.J. Accelerated carbonation testing of alkali-activated binders significantly underestimates service life: The role of pore solution chemistry. Cement and Concrete Research. 2012. Vol. 42. No. 10, pp. 1317–1326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.07.002
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16. Fedorov P., Sinitsin D. Alkali-Activated Binder Based on Cupola Dust of Mineral Wool Production with Mechanical Activation. Buildings. 2022. Vol. 12. No. 10. 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101565
17. Хвастунов В.Л., Калашников В.И. Минерально-шлаковые вяжущие и бетоны на их основе. Цементы, бетоны, строительные растворы и сухие смеси. Ч. II: Справочник. СПб.: НПО «Про-фессионал», 2009. C. 118–150.
17. Khvastunov V.L., Kalashnikov V.I. Mineral’no-shlakovye vyazhushchie i betony na ikh osnove. Tsementy, betony, stroitel’nye rastvory i sukhie smesi. Chast’ II: Spravochnik. [Mineral-slag binders and concretes based on them. Cements, concretes, mortars and dry mixtures. Part II: Handbook]. St. Petersburg: NPO «Professional». 2009, pp. 118–150.
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22. Nguyen T.N., Phung Q.T., Frederickx L., Jacques D., Dauzeres A., Elsen J., Pontikes Y. Microstructural evolution and its impact on the mechanical strength of typical alkali-activated slag subjected to accelerated carbonation. Developments in the Built Environment. 2024. Vol. 19. 100519.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100519
23. Hossain M.M., Karim M.R., Elahi M.M.A., Islam M.N., Zain M.F.M. Long-term durability properties of alkali-activated binders containing slag, fly ash, palm oil fuel ash and rice husk ash. Construction and Building Materials. 2020. Vol. 251. 119094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119094
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25. Федоров П.А., Анваров Б.Р., Латыпова Т.В., Анваров А.Р., Латыпов В.М. О математической зависимости, описывающей процесс нейтрализации бетона. Вестник Южно-Уральского государственного университета. Сер.: Строительство и архитектура. 2010. Т. 15. № 191. C. 13–15. EDN: MNJOHT
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Currently, permanent formwork made of high-strength steel fiber concrete (hereinafter SFB) is used in the construction of structures of nuclear power plants (hereinafter NPP). The use of reinforced formwork blocks with permanent formwork from SFB makes it possible to implement a precast-monolithic construction method, significantly increasing the speed of erection of blocks. At the same time, the use of this technology leads to problems of quality control of the laying of monolithic concrete, where it is hidden inside an armored block with permanent formwork. Experimental studies have been carried out to search for defects of various types and sizes inside the formwork block using the main methods of concrete flaw detection: through ultrasonic sounding, ultrasound tomography, radiography (georadar). Recommendations are given on ways to control the quality of monolithic concrete placement. It has been established that the most suitable method of control is ultrasound tomography, which allows to identify a defect behind a permanent steel-reinforced concrete formwork.

D.N.KOROTKIKH^1,2, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor;
V.A. DORF¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
D.E. KAPUSTIN^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering),
L.Z. ZEID KILANI^1,2, Engineer

¹ Joint Stock Company “Institute Orgenergostroy” (build. 10, 7, Derbenevskaya embankment, Moscow, 115114, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Dorf V.A., Krasnovsky R.O., Kapustin D.E. On the way to the implementation of technology for the construction of buildings and structures of nuclear power plants from reinforcement and formwork block with permanent steel-fiber concrete formwork. Information and analytical journal “Stroitel’stvo v atomnoy otrasli”. 2020. No. 1, pp. 47–54. (In Russian).
2. Kapustin D.E. Strength and deformation characteristics of permanent steel-fiber concrete formwork as a bearing element of reinforced concrete structures. Dis. … Candidate of Sciences (Engineering). Moscow. 2015. 211 p. (In Russian).
3. Kapustin D., Krasnovsky R., Kiliani L.Z. Stress-strain behavior (SSB) of steel fiber concrete. American Concrete Institute. ACI Special Publication. Vol. 326. Moscow, 06–07 June 2018.
4. AP1000 Design Control Document (rev. 18). Tier 2 Chapter 3. Design of Structures, Components, Equip. & Systems – Section 3.8 Design of Category I Structures. «Nuclear Regulatory Commission» (NRC). USA. 206 p. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1034/ML103480517.pdf
5. Patent No. 2653211 C2 Russian Federation, IPC E07B 1/16, E04B 4/16. Sposob podgotovki k kontrolu kachestva monolitnogo betona v sborno-monolitnykh stenakh s elementami nesemnoi zhelezobetonnoi opalubki [Method for preparing quality control of monolithic concrete in prefabricated monolithic walls with elements of non-removable reinforced concrete formwork]: No. 2016131754. Declared 1.08.2016. Published 07.05.2018. N.I. Fomin; Applicant Federal State-owned Autonomous Institution of Higher Education “Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin”. (In Russian).
6. Mochko A., Mochko M., Andreev V.I. Verification the quality of concrete in existing structures. Technologies of European standards. Vestnik MGSU. 2019. Vol. 14. No. 8, pp. 967–975. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.8.967-975
7. Patent No. 2572103 C1 Russian Federation, IPC G01N 29/07, E04G 9/00. Sposob kontrolya ukladki betonnoi smesi [Method for controlling the placement of concrete mix]: No. 2014125887/03. Declared 26.06.2014. Published 27.12.2015. V.A. Dorf, R.O. Krasnovsky, D.E. Kapustin, R.R. Nuriev. Applicant Closed Joint Stock Company “Institute “Orgenergostroy”. (In Russian).
8. Pivovarov V. A. Metrological support of concrete flaw detection. Al’manakh sovremennoi metrologii. 2022. No. 4 (32), pp. 59–67. (In Russian). EDN: WXNFKP
9. Zhussupbekov A., Iwasaki Y., Eun Chul Shin, Shakirova N. Control and quality of piles by non-destructive express methods: low strain method and cross-hole sonic logging. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. 2019. Vol. 15. No. 1, pp. 171–180. https://doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2019-15-1-171-180
10. Zerkal’ E.O., Kalashnikov A.Yu., Lapshinov A.E., Tyutyunkov A.I. Identification of internal defects of concreting in the body of a monolithic foundation plate according to the data of a georadiolocation survey. Vestnik MGSU. 2020. Vol. 15. No. 7, pp. 980–987. EDN: TLTHRM. https://doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.7.980-987
11. Wendrich A., Trela C., Krause M., Maierhofer C., Effner U., Wöstmann J. Location of voids in masonry structures by using radar and ultrasonic traveltime tomography. ECNDT. 2006. Tu.3.2.5. 11 p. https://www.ndt.net/article/ecndt2006/doc/Tu.3.2.5.pdf
12. Kapustin V.V., Khmelnitsky A.Yu., Bakaykin D.V. On the possibility of using inhomogeneous electromagnetic waves for the study of foundation structures. Vestnik of the Moscow University. Series 4: Geology. 2011. No. 4, pp. 52–55. EDN: NXQUED
13. Lapshinov A.E., Kalashnikov A.Yu. Inspection of the technical condition of the foundation plate reinforced with glass composite reinforcement using georadar. Inspection of buildings and structures: problems and ways to solve them: IX International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2018. pp. 133–139. (In Russian). EDN: YYXQQP
14. Shuvalov A.N., Lapshinov A.E., Zheletdinov R.R., Zerkal’ E.O. Comparison of ultrasonic and GPR methods for investigation of reinforced concrete columns. BIO Web Conf. Vol. 107. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410706016
15. Sagaidak A.I. Standard for the method of acoustic emission control of concrete and reinforced concrete products and monolithic structures. Beton i zhelezobeton. 2021. No. 3 (605), pp. 19–24. (In Russian). EDN: WGHQQY
16. Arleninov P.D., Krylov S.B., Kalmakova P.S. A system for monitoring the continuity of concrete of steel-reinforced concrete structures based on the thermal imaging method. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2024. No. 2, pp. 150–156. (In Russian). EDN: OANKRU. https://doi.org/10.22337/2077-9038-2024-2-150-156
17. Lapshinov A.E. Quality control of reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures by external reinforcement systems made of composite materials. Perspektivnye nauki. 2022. No. 6 (153), pp. 49–53. EDN: JGYKKI

Improving the quality of construction gypsum mixtures will be determined by a number of their advantages, which determine their performance characteristics. This makes it possible to solve a number of problems related to creating a comfortable living environment, reducing the carbon footprint, ensuring energy efficiency of construction technologies and constructed facilities without damaging the environment. These problems can be solved by recycling waste from thermal power plants and products based on them in the production of modified gypsum general construction mixtures. The article examines the possibilities of using activated carbon fractions isolated from hydraulic ash waste to improve the performance properties of gypsum dry building mixtures. An overview of existing methods of using ash and slag waste in the production of binders and their disadvantages is presented. The need for innovative methods for assessing and selecting the granulometric composition of modified mixtures is substantiated. The granulometric composition of the original gypsum binder and isolated carbon fractions, which have a special internal structure, are studied. Experimental results show that modified gypsum mixtures with a carbon modifier and a selected granulometric composition provide high quality materials based on them. The work represents a valuable contribution to the use of carbon fractions of hydraulic ash waste in the production of building mixtures, opening up new opportunities for the effective processing of ash and slag waste from thermal power plants and protection from man-made pollution of the natural environment.

K.S. PETROPAVLOVSKII, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
T.B. NOVICHENKOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.B. PETROPAVLOVSKAYA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M. AL-SWEITY, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Tver State Technical University (22, Afanasiya Nikitina, Tver, 170026, Russian Federation)

1. Красновских М.П., Мокрушин И.Г., Некрасова Ю.И., Автухович В.В. Применение шлака черной металлургии при производстве керамического кирпича ПКК «На Закаменной» // Строительные материалы. 2019. № 9. С. 14–21. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-774-9-14-21
1. Krasnovskikh M.P., Mokrushin I.G., Nekrasova Yu.I., Avtukhovich V.V. The Use of black metallurgy slag when producing ceramic brick at PCB “At Zakamennoy”. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 9, pp. 14–21. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-774-9-14-21
2. Lanzerstorfer C. Pre-processing of coal combustion fly ash by classification for enrichment of rare earth elements. Energy Reports. 2018. Vol. 4, рр. 660–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2018.10.010
3. Рахимов Р.З. Экология, металлургия, минеральные вяжущие вещества и промышленность строительных материалов // Строительные материалы. 2022. № 9. С. 26–31. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-806-9-26-31
3. Rakhimov R.Z. Ecology, metallurgy, mineral binders and building materials industry. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 9, pp. 26–31. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-806-9-26-31
4. Duan S., Liao H., Cheng F., Song H., Yang H. Investigation into the synergistic effects in hydrated gelling systems containing fly ash, desulfurization gypsum and steel slag. Construction and Building Materials. 2018. Vol. 187, рр. 1113–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.241
5. Никулин И.С., Никуличева Т.Б., Аносов Н.В., Япрынцев М.Н., Вьюгин А.О., Алфимова Н.И., Карлина Ю.И. Переработка оксида редкоземельного металла для использования в качестве лигатуры в металлургической промышленности // Металлург. 2023. № 10. С. 69–75. https://doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2023_10_69
5. Nikulin I.S., Nikulicheva T.B., Anosov N.V., Yapryntsev M.N., Vyugin A.O., Alfimova N.I., Karlina Yu.I. Processing of rare earth metal oxide for use as a master alloy in the metallurgical industry. Metallurgist. 2024. Vol. 67, рр. 1506–1515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11015-024-01643-3
6. Fediuk R., Makarova N., Qader D.N., Kozin A., Amran M., Petropavlovskaya V., Novichenkova T., Sulman M., Petropavlovskii K. Combined effect on properties and durability performance of nanomodified basalt fiber blended with bottom ash-based cement concrete: ANOVA evaluation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2023. Vol. 23 (11), рр. 2642–2657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.01.179
7. Sweity Y., Petropavlovskaya V., Novichenkova T., Petropavlovskii K. Influence of bed ash on the rheology and properties of gypsum building mixtures. E3S Web of Conferences. XII International Scientific and Practical Forum «Environmentally sustainable cities and settlements: problems and solutions» (ESCP-2023). 2023. Vol. 403, 03012. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340303012
8. Сульман М.Г., Делицын Л.М., Попель О.С., Кулумбегов Р.В., Петропавловская В.Б., Чалов К.В. Комплексная переработка золошлаковых отходов угольных электростанций с получением ценных продуктов, востребованных в различных отраслях промышленности. ХимРеактор-25: Сборник тезисов XXV Международной конференции по химическим реакторам. Новосибирск, 2023. С. 113–114.
8. Sulman M.G., Delitsyn L.M., Popel O.S., Kulumbegov R.V., Petropavlovskaya V.B., Chalov K.V. Complex processing of ash and slag waste from coal-fired power plants to obtain valuable products in demand in various industries. Chemreaktor-25: Collection of abstracts of the XXV International Conference on Chemical Reactors. Novosibirsk. 2023, рр. 113–114. (In Russian).
9. Петропавловская В.Б., Завадько М.Ю., Новиченкова Т.Б., Петропавловский К.С., Бурьянов А.Ф. Перспективы применения переработанных топ-ливных золошлаковых отходов гидроудаления в сухих строительных смесях. Ч. 1 // Строительные материалы. 2023. № 4. С. 73–79. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-812-4-73-79
9. Petropavlovskaya V.B., Zavad’ko M.Yu., Novichenkova T.B., Petropavlovskii K.S., Buryanov A.F. Assessment of the possibility of using hydraulic ash as a component of dry building mixtures. Part 1. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 4, pp. 73–79. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-812-4-73-79
10. Карпова Е.А., Яковлев Г.И., Аверкиев И.К., Волков М.А., Кузьмина Н.В., Князева С.А. Влия-ние технического углерода и микрокремнезема на свойства самоуплотняющегося бетона // Строи-тельные материалы. 2022. № 12. С. 45–51. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-809-12-45-51
10. Karpova E.A., Yakovlev G.I., Averkiev I.K., Volkov M.A., Kuzmina N.V., Knyazeva S.A. The effect of carbon black and silica fume on the properties of self-compacting concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 12, pp. 45–51. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-809-12-45-51
11. Gumenyuk A.N., Polianskikh I.S., Gordina A.F., Buryanov A.F. Impact of carbon fiber on electrical and thermal properties of fluoranhydrite based composites. AlfaBuild. 2024. No. 1 (30). 3003. https://doi.org/10.57728/ALF.30.3
12. Петропавловский К.С., Новиченкова Т.Б., Петропавловская В.Б., Аль-Свейти М. Углеродгипсовые композиты. Строительное материаловедение: настоящее и будущее: Сборник материалов III Всероссийской научной конференции, посвященной девяностолетию кафедры строительного материаловедения. М., 2023. С. 241–243.
12. Petropavlovskii K.S., Novichenkova T.B., Petropavlovskaya V.B., Al-Sweiti M. Carbon gypsum composites. Building Materials Science: present and future: A collection of materials of the III All-Russian Scientific Conference dedicated to the ninetieth anniversary of the Department of Building Materials Science. Moscow. 2023, рр. 241–243. (In Russian).
13. Прокопец В.С. Влияние механоактивационного воздействия на активность вяжущих веществ // Строительные материалы. 2003. № 9. С. 28–29.
13. Prokopets V.S. The effect of mechanical activation on the activity of binders. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2003. No. 9, рр. 28–29. (In Russian).
14. Гипс: изготовление и применение гипсовых строительных материалов / Под ред. В.Б. Ратинова; Пер. с нем. В. Ф. Гончарова и др. М.: Стройиздат, 1981. 223 с.
14. Gips: izgotovlenie i primenenie gipsovyh stroitel’nyh materialov [Gypsum: manufacture and application of gypsum building materials] / Edited by V.B. Ratinova; Translated from German by V.F. Goncharov, et al. Мoscow: Stroyizdat, 1981. 223 р.
15. Сивков С.П. О стабильности качества цементов // Цемент и его применение. 2016. № 6. С. 35–37.
15. Sivkov S.P. On the stable quality of cements. Cement i ego primenenie. 2016. No. 6, рр. 35–37. (In Russian).
16. Ramezani M., Kim Y.H., Sun Z. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced cementitious materials: database and statistical analysis. Magazine of Concrete Research. 2020. Vol. 72 (20), рр. 1047–1071. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.19.00093
17. Ramezani M., Dehghani A., Sherif M.M. Carbon nanotube reinforced cementitious composites: A comprehensive review. Construction and Building Materials. 2022. Vol. 315 (1), 125100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125100
18. Программа для ЭВМ RU 2021664345. Программа построения геометрических моделей дисперсной микроструктуры строительного композиционного материала / Корнеев А.И., Марголис Б.И. 06.09.2021. Заявл. 13.07.2021. Опубл. 06.09.2021
18. Computer program RU 2021664345. Programma postroeniya geometricheskih modelej dispersnoj mikrostruktury stroitel’nogo kompozicionnogo materiala [Program of creation of geometrical models of a disperse microstructure of construction composite material]. Korneev A.I., Margolis B.I. Declared 13.07.2021. Published 06.09.2021. (In Russian).

The existing methods for determining the coefficient of vapor permeability and vapor permeability resistance of plaster and putty materials are characterized by a long time of the experiment.This underlines the need to create a method for accelerated determination of these indicators, taking into account the simplicity of its practical implementation.The paper provides a detailed description of the proposed method, indicating experimental procedures and an algorithm for processing measurement results.The correspondence of the results of the determination of the vapor permeability coefficient by the accelerated method and according to GOST 25898–2020 is shown.

S.V. ARASLANKIN¹, General Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.F. BURYANOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ «Exponenta» LLC (26A, Stanislavskaya Street, Ruzaevka, Republic of Mordovia, 431448, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. GOST 31357–2007. Dry building cement binder mixes. General specifications. Moscow: Standardinform. 2008. 12 p. (In Russian).
2. GOST 33083–2014. Dry building plaster cement binder mixes. Specifications. Moscow: Standardinform. 2019. 11 p. (In Russian).
3. GOST 33699–2015. Dry building putty cement binder mixes. Specifications. Moscow: Standardinform. 2016. 11 p. (In Russian).
4. Perekhozhentsev A.G. Teoreticheskiye osnovy i metody rascheta temperaturno-vlazhnostnogo rezhima ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsiy zdaniy [Theoretical foundations and methods for calculating the temperature and humidity conditions of building enclosing structures]. Volgograd: VolgGASU. 2008. 211 p.
5. GOST 25898–2020. Building materials and products. Methods for determination of water vapor permeability and water vapor resistance. Moscow: Standardinform. 2021. 14 p. (In Russian).
6. Volkov A.I., Zharsky I.M. Bol’shoi khimicheskii spravochnik [Large chemical reference book]. Minsk: Sovremennaya shkola. 2005. 608 p.
7. Reid R., Prausnits J., Sherwood T. Svoistva gazov i zhidkostei [The properties of gases and liquids]. Leningrad: Khimiya. 1982. 592 p.
8. Araslankin S.V., Kostryukov S.G., Tomolin O.B. Accelerated method for the determining of the diffusion steam-permeability coefficient of plastering materials based on inorganic binders. Vestnik of Perm University. Series “Chemistry”. 2017. Vol. 7. No. 1 (52), pp. 83–93. (In Russian).

The North Buskun dolerite deposit is located 10 km from Sibai RB. This deposit belongs to highly decorative stones, which is due to the uniformity and saturation of its black color and good polishability. At the same time, the main disadvantage of the North Baksan deposit is the low yield of usable products from mined blocks, which is approximately 35% of the extracted stone. The paper examines the types of cracks on the dolerite and the possibility of gluing them with polyester-based glue. It has been established that sawn blanks do not break through glued small cracks when they are ground and polished on a knee-lever machine. At the same time, frost resistance, color, tonality, uniformity, quality of polishing and stuffing of drawings on glued blanks with small cracks practically did not differ from the indicated quality indicators in areas of dolerite without defects.The restoration of the quality indicators of the dolerite of the North Baksan deposit due to the gluing of small cracks with polymer composites ensured an increase in the yield of usable products from 35 to 85%.

G.N. SIMAKOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.M. UTARBAEV, Senior Lecturer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
G.R. TUJSINA, Candidate of Sciences (Pedagogical) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Sibay Institute (branch) – Ufa University of Science and Technology (21, Belova Street, Sibaj, 453830, Respublika Bashkortostan, Russian Federation)

1. Kaposhko I.A. Study of decorative features and material composition of dolerites of the south of the Siberian platform. Vestnik of Irkutsk State Technical University. 2004. No. 2 (18), pp. 156–157. (In Russian).
2. Kaposhko I.A. Dolerit is a rock and its use in jewelry design. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2014. 152 p.
3. Tutakova A.Ya. Comparative analysis of methods for determining the qualitative characteristics of the facing stone of the Karelian Isthmus. Zapiski Gornogo Instituta. 2006. No. 1, pp. 41–44. (In Russian).
4. Buryanov A.F., Krivenko V.V., Zhukov A.D., Moiseenko K.S., Asamatdinov M.O. Imitations of marble. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 4, pp. 102–104. (In Russian).
5. Buryanov A.F., Krivenko V.V., Zhukov A.D. Physicochemical nature of marble decoration.
Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 11, pp. 78–80. (In Russian).
6. Dubinina L.P. Development of technologies for the production of decorative products from artificial marble based on aggregates of the Jamagat quarry. Gornyi informatsionno-analiticheskii byulleten’. 2004. No. 9, pp. 73–76. (In Russian).
7. Krivenko V.V., Ovchininsky D.V., Weinstein M.M., Buryanov A.F., Goncharov Yu.A. Donkey marble: ancient traditions and modern technologies. Stroitel’nye materialy [Construction Materials]. 2008. No. 8, pp. 16–18. (In Russian).
8. Simakov, G.N., Allaberdin A.B., Utarbaev R.M. Experience in the manufacture of agglomerate stones on clinker-polymer binder. Experience in the implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard in educational institutions: materials of the XI Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, Sibay: sbornik materialov XI Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii. – Sibai: Izdatel’skii Dom “Respublika Bashkortostan”, 2020, pp. 62–69.
9. Simakov G.N., Daineko S.N. Increasing the efficiency of production of natural stone products by sizing them with polymer composites. Gornyi zhurnal. 2008. No. 1, pp. 57–59. (In Russian).
10. Kaldybaev N.A., Sultanaliev A., Sultanov I. Methodology for studying the fracturing of the massif of facing stone. Nauka i novye tekhnologii. 2009. No. 7, pp. 15–18. (In Russian).
11. Pavlov I.V. Methods and devices for detecting granite fracturing in the process of blending blocks. Inzhenernyi vestnik Dona. 2015. No. 2–2 (36). (In Russian). http://www.ivdon.ru/uploads/article/pdf/IVD_113_Pavlov.pdf_64e3e63e99.pdf
12. Karachentsev N.V. Himija dlja kamnja / Kratkii obzor. Versiya 1.2. [Chemistry for stone / Brief overview. Version 1.2.]. Moscow: ALMIR. 2012. 42 p.

The article substantiates the need to develop new mechanisms for the hardwood use in modern conditions of Republic of Karelia timber industry. One of the potential uses of birch wood in wooden house construction is building materials production from veneer and slab materials based on it. A large amount of associated waste from processing birch wood into veneer stands out as one of the key problems. A new slab joinery and construction material made of corrugated birch veneer is considered. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the thermophysical properties of a corrugated board made of birch wood. To achieve this goal, the tasks and methods of research are defined. An experimental device has been developed to conduct an experiment to determine the values of thermophysical characteristics. DS18B20 temperature sensors were used to measure the surface temperature, as well as to monitor device operation and the room air temperature. The sensors are connected to the Arduino microcontroller platform, which was used to record and transmit sensor readings. Additionally, the course of the experiment was monitored using a thermal imager Testo 875-1i. During the experiment, more than 1000 measurements were carried out. As a result of data processing, a diagram of the dependence of the density of the heat flux passing through the sample on time, as well as diagrams of the dependence of thermal conductivity and thermal resistance on the temperature difference on the sample surfaces, was obtained. The diagrams show the regression dependences of changes in heat flux density, thermal conductivity and thermal resistance during measurements. The values of the heat flux density, thermal conductivity coefficient and thermal resistance calculated on the basis of regression equations and the values obtained experimentally are determined. The directions of further research of the material under consideration are determined.

O.N. GALAKTIONOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
Yu.V. SUHANOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.S. VASILYEV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.A. KUZMENKOV, Candidate of Sciences (Economy), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

State Architectural and Construction University (33, Lenin Street, Petrozavodsk, 185910, Russian Federation)

1. Galaktionov O., Vasiliev A., Sukhanov Y., Lukashevich V. Analysis of the forestry sector in the Republic of Karelia under current economic conditions. E3S Web of Conferences. 2023. Vol. 402, p. 13031. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340213031
2. Рогожина А.В. Развитие и анализ основных технологий малоэтажного строительства из материалов на основе древесины // Жилищное строительство. 2019. № 12. С. 35–39. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-12-35-39
2. Rogozhina A.V. Development and analysis of the main technologies of low-rise construction of materials on the basis of wood. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 12, pp. 35–39. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-12-35-39
3. Kuzmenkov A., Galaktionov O., Karpov M., & Emelianova E. Wood raw materials and wood waste use for the building materials production (on the example of the Republic of Karelia timber industry). E3S Web of Conferences. 2023. Vol. 458, p. 07025. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345807025
4. Kuzmenkov A., Galaktionov O., Fedorova A., Emelianova E. Possibilities of using wood and wood materials in the construction of the Republic of Karelia. E3S Web of Conferences. 2023. Vol. 389, p. 01013. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338901013
5. Grinins J., Biziks V., Marais B.N., Rizikovs J., Militz H. Weathering stability and durability of birch plywood modified with different molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde oligomers. Polymers. 2021. Vol. 13. P. 175. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020175
6. Величко Е.Г., Цховребов Э.С. Экологическая безопасность строительных материалов: основные исторические этапы // Вестник МГСУ. 2017. Т. 12. Вып. 1 (100). С. 26–35. https://doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2017.1.26-35
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7. Mergel Ch., Menrad K., Decker T. Which factors influence consumers’ selection of wood as a building material for houses? Canadian Journal of Forest Research. e-First. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2023-01972024
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13. Karachentseva I., Kuzmenkov A., Kaychenov A., Voronin Z. Energy-efficient building materials for Arctic conditions as a criterion for “green building”. E3S Web of Conferences. 2023. Vol. 383. 04075. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338304075
14. Кузьменков А.А., Караченцева Я.М., Дербенёв А.В. Обоснование конструктивных и технологических решений экспериментального деревянного малоэтажного здания с учетом принципов «зеленого строительства» // Resources and Technology. 2021. Т. 18. № 1. С. 66–93. https://doi.org/10.15393/j2.art.2021.5522
14. Kuz’menkov A.A., Karachentseva Ya.M., Derbe-nev A.V. Substantiation of constructive and technological solutions for an experimental low-rise wooden house in accordance with the principles of «Green Building». Resources and Technology. 2021. Vol. 18. No. 1, pp. 66–93. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.15393/j2.art.2021.5522
15. Kuzmenkov A.A., Kolesnikov G.N., Voronin Z.A., Green technologies of wooden building for Arctic. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2022. Vol. 227, pp. 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94770-5_30
16. Бакатович А.А., Бакатович Н.В., Пенкрат А.Н. Фракционный состав измельченной сосновой коры и вид вяжущего компонента как основные факторы, влияющие на коэффициент тепло-проводности теплоизоляционных плит // Вестник Полоцкого государственного университета. Сер. F, Строительство. Прикладные науки. 2022. № 8. С. 38–45. https://doi.org/10.52928/2070-1683-2022-31-8-38-45
16. Bakatovich А.A., Bakatovich N.V., Penkrat A.N. The fractional composition of crushed pine bark and the type of binder component as the main factors affecting the thermal conductivity coefficient of thermal insulation plates. Vestnik of Polotsk State University. Series F. Construction. Applied Sciences. 2022. Vol. 31, pp. 38–45. https://doi.org/10.52928/2070-1683-2022-31-8-38-45
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20. The patent Russian Federation for a utility model RU 220698 U1. Panel’ gofroshponnaya [Corrugated panel].Galaktionov O.N., Sukhanov Yu.V., Vasil’ev A.S., Vasil’ev A.A., Potakhin A.G. Declared 22.05.2023. Published 28.09.2023. Bulletin No. 28. (In Russian).
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21. The patent of the Russian Federation for the invention RU 2808051 C1. Sposob izgotovleniya paneli gofroshponnoi [Method for manufacturing corrugated veneer panel]. Galaktionov O.N., Sukhanov Yu.V., Vasil’ev A.S., Vasil’ev A.A., Potakhin A.G. Declared 22.05.2023. Published 22.11.2023. Bulletin No. 33. (In Russian).
22. Пастушков П.П. О проблемах определения теплопроводности строительных материалов // Строительные материалы. 2019. № 4. С. 57–63. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-769-4-57-63
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Important parameters when using snow as a building material and designing the interaction of engineering structures for various purposes with snow are the density and coefficient of thermal conductivity of the snow cover. The purpose of the article was to evaluate the accuracy of calculating the thermal conductivity coefficient of a two-layer snow cover, depending on the degree of compaction of one of the layers. Two approaches to determining the thermal conductivity coefficient are considered: as a layered structure and as an equivalent homogeneous structure having a constant average density. Classical formulas for determining the coefficient of thermal conductivity from density (Abels formula) and density from the depth of snow cover (Abe formula) were used for calculations. As a result of the analysis and complex variant calculations presented in the form of graphs, the following conclusions are made. With a linear dependence of the thermal conductivity coefficient on the density of snow, the choice of one or another method for calculating the thermal conductivity coefficient of a two-layer snow cover does not matter: an error in calculations will always be zero. With a nonlinear dependence of the thermal conductivity coefficient on the density of snow, the error increases with an increase in the compaction coefficient of one of the layers. For example, with a compaction coefficient of 1.5, the relative calculation error does not exceed 4%. And with an increase in the compaction coefficient to 3.5, the error increases to 31%. That is, it increases almost 8 times. The analysis of the results allowed us to conclude that when compacting one of the layers by less than 2 times (compaction coefficient k<2), the use of the concept of “average density of snow cover” in thermal calculations to determine the thermal resistance of snow cover is quite acceptable. With an increase in the degree of compaction of one of the layers by more than two times, it is necessary to determine the thermal conductivity coefficient of each layer and calculate the total thermal snow cover as the sum of the thermal resistances of the individual layers.

A.F. GALKIN¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.Yu. PANKOV², Candidate of Sciences (Geology and Mineralogy) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M.R. VASLIEVA², Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS (36, Merzlotnaya, Yakutsk, 677010, Russian Federation)
² North-Eastern Federal University (58, Belinsky str., Yakutsk, 677027, Russian Federation)

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https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-808-11-70-75

The results of the application of the biomineralization process in concrete to improve concrete properties such as porosity and water absorption are presented. As a result of the research, an assessment of the activity of various bioadditives based on the Bacillus subtilis strain and isolates isolated from samples of chernozem soil of the Yelets district of the Lipetsk region was given.It was found that the immobilized bacteria slightly differ from the native form in terms of urease activity, however, when stored for more than 50 days. they maintain their activity at a high level, and native microorganisms lose their ability to function, reducing urease activity by 10 times practically to minimum values. It was also revealed that when using Portland cement of various types, there is a decrease in water absorption up to 30%, and porosity decreases up to 40%.The use of different types of fine aggregate also affects porosity, so when using the same parts of sand P1 and P2, porosity is lower than with a homogeneous fine aggregate.It was also noted that all samples had increased strength characteristics – compressive strength and bending strength by 15–25%, respectively. Thus, the use of bioadditives is optimal to achieve improved concrete characteristics.

М.А. GONCHAROVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) д-р. техн. наук (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
Е.S. DERGUNOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
А.А. SVERDLOV, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
М.А. SDVIZHKOV, Engineer, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.V. CHIGASOV, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Lipetsk State Technical Univrsity (30, Moskovskaya Street, Lipetsk, 398044, Russian Federation)

1. Prabhath Ranjan Kumar Soda, Asheer Mogal, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Nikhil Thota, Nimish Bandaru, Sanjay Kumar Shukla, Performance assessment of sustainable biocement mortar incorporated with bacteria-encapsulated cement-coated alginate beads. Construction and Building Materials. 2024. Vol. 411. 134198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134198
2. Гончарова М.А., Дергунова Е.С. Реологические характеристики бетонных смесей, модифицированных уреазными биодобавками // Научный журнал строительства и архитектуры. 2024. № 3 (75). С. 55–65. https://doi.org/10.36622/2541-7592.2024.75.3.005
2. Goncharova M.A., Dergunova E.S. Rheological characteristics of concrete mixtures modified with urease additives. Nauchnyi zhurnal stroitel’stva i arkhitektury. 2024. No. 3 (75), pp. 55–65. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.36622/2541-7592.2024.75.3.005
3. Runzhuo Cao, Junfen Yang, Guoxin Li, Qun Zhou, Mengdie Niu. Durability performance of multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforced ordinary Portland/calcium sulfoaluminate cement composites to sulfuric acid attack at early stage. Materials Today Communications. 2023. Vol. 35. 105748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105748
4. Muhammad Khubaib Akhtar, Maria Kanwal, Rao Arsalan Khushnood, Muhammad Basit Ehsan Khan, Assessment of mechanical attributes and microstructural densification of self-healing recycled coarse aggregate concrete using various bacterial immobilizers. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023. Vol. 69. 106229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106229
5. Snigdha P. Bhutange M.V., Latkar Salman Muhammad. A review on the potential challenges in the application of biocementation in cement-based materials, possible solutions and way forward. Materials Today Communications. 2024. Vol. 38. 107986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107986
6. Rafaela Cardoso, Lucca Scholler, Mariana M. Pinto, Inês Flores-Colen, Dídia Covas, Experimental analysis of biocementation technique for sealing cracks in concrete water storage tanks. Construction and Building Materials. 2024. Vol. 412. 134854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134854
7. Mary C. Ngoma, Oladoyin Kolawole. Porosity and bedding controls on bio-induced carbonate precipitation and mechanical properties of shale and dolomitic rocks: EICP vs MICP. Biogeotechnics. 2024. Vol. 2, Iss. 4. 100102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bgtech.2024.100102
8. Muraleedharan Pillai Smitha, Dhanaraj Suji, Mercy Shanthi, Adeyemi Adesina, Application of bacterial biomass in biocementation process to enhance the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Cleaner Materials. 2022. Vol. 3. 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100050
9. Anuja U. Charpe, Madhuwanti V. Latkar, Tapan Chakrabarti, Biocementation: an eco-friendly approach to strengthen concrete. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Engineering Sustainability. 2018. Vol. 172. Iss. 8, pp. 438–449. https://doi.org/10.1680/jensu.18.00019
10. Гончарова М.А., Дергунова Е.С. Особенности применения процесса биоминерализации для улучшения структурно-прочностных свойств бетона // Строительные материалы. 2023. № 1–2. С. 25–33. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-810-1-2-25-31
10. Goncharova M.A., Dergunova E.S. Features of the application of the biomineralization process to improve the structural and strength properties of concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 1–2, pp. 25–33. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-810-1-2-25-31
11. Rishabh Junwale, Madhuwanti Latkar, Application of biomineralisation for enhancement of interfacial properties of rice husk ash blended concrete. Advances in Cement Research. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.23.00190
12. Rishabh Junwale, Aishwarya Nikode, Snigdha Bhutange, M.V. Latkar, Crack healing in cement mortar using enzyme induced calcium carbonate precipitation. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. Vol. 394. 132223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132223
13. Строкова В.В., Духанина У.Н., Балицкий Д.А. Полиморфизм и морфология карбонатов кальция в технологиях строительных материалов, использующих бактериальную биоминерализацию // Строительные материалы. 2022. № 1–2. С. 82–122. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-799-1-2-82-122
13. Strokova V.V., Dukhanina U.N., Balitsky D.A. Polymorphism and morphology of calcium carbonates in building materials technologies using bacterial biomineralization. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2022. No. 1–2, pp. 82–122. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2022-799-1-2-82-122
14. Балицкий Д.А., Духанина У.Н., Строкова В.В., Сивальнева М.Н. Влияние микробной карбонатной биоминерализации на прочность цементного камня // Вестник Белгородского государственного технологического университета им. В.Г. Шухова. 2024. № 5. С. 24–33. https://doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2024-9-5-24-33
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15. Pavan Kumar Bhukya, Nandini Adla, Dali Naidu Arnepalli. Coupled bio-chemo-hydro-mechanical modeling of microbially induced calcite precipitation process considering biomass encapsulation using a micro-scale relationship. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2024. Vol. 16. Iss. 7, pp. 2775–2789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2023.09.023
16. Гончарова М.А., Дергунова Е.С. Особенности применения процесса биоминерализации для улучшения структурно-прочностных свойств бетона // Строительные материалы. 2023. № 1–2. С. 25–33. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-810-1-2-25-31
16. Goncharova M. A., Dergunova E.S. Features of the application of the biomineralization process to improve the structural and strength properties of concrete. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 1–2, pp. 25–33. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-810-1-2-25-31
17. Aysan Farajnia, Ali Shafaat, Safar Farajnia, Mohsen Sartipipour, Hamed Khodadadi Tirkolaei. The efficiency of ureolytic bacteria isolated from historical adobe structures in the production of bio-bricks. Construction and Building Materials. 2022. Vol. 317. 125868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125868
18. Srivastava S., Sarangi S.K., Singh S.P. Investigation of water absorption and porosity of nano-biosilica, jute, and bamboo. Fiber-Reinforced Chitosan Biocomposite Materials. 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11182-024-03190-5
19. Jan Fořt, Jiří Šál, Martin Keppert, Martin Mildner, Petr Hotěk, Agnieszka Ślosarczyk, Łukasz Klapiszewski, Robert Černý. Durability analysis of sustainable mortars with biomass fly ash as high-volume replacement of Portland cement. Journal of Building Engineering. 2024. Vol. 91. 109565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109565
20. Hongfang Sun, Hao Zou, Jie Ren, Gang Xu, Feng Xing, Synthesis of a novel graphene oxide/belite cement composite and its effects on flexural strength and interfacial transition zone of ordinary portland cement mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. Vol. 402. 133009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133009
21. Патент РФ 2819074. Способ определения уреазной активности почв с применением пенополиуретановых тест-средств / Гончарова М.А., Дергунова Е.С., Заева А.Г., Дергунова В.В. Заявл. 27.07.2023. Опубл. 13.05.2024. Заявитель Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Липецкий государственный технический университет». EDN: NFDVND
21. Patent RF 2819074. Sposob opredeleniya ureaznoi aktivnosti pochv s primeneniem penopoliuretanovykh test-sredstv [A method for determining the urease activity of soils using polyurethane foam test agents]. Goncharova M.A., Dergunova E.S., Zaeva A.G., Dergunova V.V. Application 07.27.2023. Published 05.13.2024. The applicant is the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Lipetsk State Technical University». (In Russian). EDN: NFDVND

The article provides information on the formation of hardening systems of building composites (STSC) as a result of directional structure formation and the involvement of the active component of metallurgical slags. It is shown that the structures of the STSC can be represented as a consequence of formation (design and synthesis) of the structures of the particle addition system of the raw material mixture, and for more complex technologies – as a growth system. The main physico-chemical properties and characteristics of modifying additives for STSC are considered. The influence of slag additives on the main construction and technological properties of hardening systems based on man-made raw materials has been established. Special attention is paid to the kinetics of the grinding capacity of the designed hardening systems of building composites.

М.А.GONCHAROVA¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
А.А. SVERDLOV¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
М.А. SDVIZHKOV¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
А.V. CHIGASOV¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
I.А. RYBINA², Candidate of Sciences (Economics) This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Lipetsk State Technical University (30, Moskovskaya Street, Lipetsk, 398055, Russian Federation)
² Finansial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.(49/2, Leningradskiy Avenue, Moscow, 125167, Russian Federation)

1. Akulova I.I., Artamonova O.V., Goncharova M.A. et al. Scientific school of the academician of the RAASN Ye.M. Chernyshov (in memory of a teacher). Part 1. Development of fundamental problems of materials science of building compositesi // Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture. 2022. No. 4 (56), pp. 50–60. EDN: EIGHJS. https://doi.org/10.36622/VSTU.2022.56.4.005
2. Гончарова М.А., Замышляева Л.В., Аль-Суррайви Х.Г.Х. Модификация цементных систем твердения путем применения энергоэффективных технологических добавок отечественного производства // Строительные материалы. 2023. № 1–2. С. 50–54. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-810-1-2-50-54
2. Goncharova M.A., Zamyshlyaeva L.V., Al-Surrayvi H.G.H. Modification of cement hardening systems by using energy-efficient technological additives of domestic production. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 1–2, pp. 50–54. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-810-1-2-50-54
3. Бочарников А.С., Гончарова М.А., Комаричев А.В. Композиционные материалы на основе цементно-водных активированных систем для инъекционного уплотнения бетона ограждающих конструкций // Строительные материалы. 2015. № 5. С. 31–34.
3. Bocharnikov A.S., Goncharova M.A., Komarichev A.V. Composite materials on the basis of cement-water activated systems for injecting compaction of concrete of enveloping structures. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 5, pp. 31–34.
4. Goncharova M.A., Gorin R.A., Karaseva O.V. The formation of composite curing systems based on technogenic raw materials. Solid State Phenomena. 2018. Vol. 84, pp. 1058–1062.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.284.1058
5. Goncharova M.A., Korneev K.A., Dedyaev G.S. Improving construction engineering properties of soils stabilized by a cement binder with techno-genic products. Solid State Phenomena. 2020. Vol. 299, pp. 26–31.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.299.26
6. Федюк Р.С., Мочалов А.В., Лесовик В.С. Современные способы активации вяжущего и бетонных смесей (обзор) // Вестник Инженерной школы Дальневосточного федерального университета. 2018. № 4 (37). С. 85–99.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2008670
6. Fedyuk R.S., Mochalov A.V., Lesovik V.S. Modern methods of activation of binder and concrete mixtures (review). Vestnik of the Engineering School of the Far Eastern Federal University. 2018. No. 4 (37), pp. 85–99. (In Russian).
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2008670
7. Аль-Суррайви Х.Г.Х., Гончарова М.А., Заева А.Г. Синтез композитов на основе местного сырья при воздействии агрессивной среды // Строительные материалы. 2021. № 5. С. 69–74. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2021-791-5-69-74
7. Al-Surrayvi H.G.H, Goncharova M.A., Zaeva A.G. Synthesis of composites on the basis of local raw materials under the influence of aggressive environment. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2021. No. 5, pp. 69–74. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2021-791-5-69-74
8. Zawal D., Grabiec A. M. Influence of selected mineral additives on properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) considering eco-efficiency coefficient. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2022. Vol. 17. e01405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01405
9. Prajna S.P., Anjum M.I., Lakshmi P.S., Gayathri G., Beulah M., Sudhir M.R. A comprehensive investigation of the effect of mineral additives to bituminous concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021. Vol. 46, pp. 714–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.090
10. Рахимов Р.З. Строительный комплекс. Экология и минеральные вяжущие вещества // Известия высших учебных заведений. Строительство. 2022. № 2 (758). С. 5–15. https://doi.org/10.32683/0536-1052-2022-758-2-5-15
10. Rakhimov R.Z. Building complex, Ecology and mineral binders. Izvestiya of higher educational institutions. Construction. 2022. № 2 (758), pp. 5–15. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32683/0536-1052-2022-758-2-5-15
11. Golewski G.L. An extensive investigations on fracture parameters of concretes based on quaternary binders (QBC) by means of the DIC technique. Construction and Building Materials. 2022. Vol. 351. 128823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128823
12. Смирнова О.М., Казанская Л.Ф. Гибридные цементы на основе гранулированных доменных шлаков: основные направления исследований // Эксперт: теория и практика. 2022. № 3 (18). С. 59–65. https://doi.org/10.51608/26867818_2022_3_59
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13. Russo F., Eskandarsefat S., Venturini L., Viscione N. A complete study on an asphalt concrete modified with graphene and recycled hard-plastics: A case study. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2022. Vol. 17. e01437.
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14. Amran M., Onaizi A.M., Qader D.N., Murali G. Innovative use of fly ash-finely powdered glass cullet as a nano additives for a sustainable concrete: Strength and microstructure and cost analysis. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2022. Vol. 17. e01688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01688
15. Bos F.P., Menna C., Pradena M., Kreiger E., Leal da Silva W.R., Rehman A.U., Weger D., Wolfs R.J.M., Zhang Y., Ferrara L., Mechtcherine V. The realities of additively manufactured concrete structures in practice. Cement and Concrete Research. 2022. Vol. 156. 106746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106746
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The problem of the life cycle of transport structures using polymer composite materials (PCM) is touched upon. It is noted that in the life cycle of transport structures, at the stage of operation, the endurance of structural materials plays a key role. The results of experimental studies of PCM depending on the magnitude of the coefficients of reinforcement with fiberglass reinforcement (SPA) are presented. The influence of the degree of prestress of the SPA on the life cycle of the structural element has been established. It is emphasized that in the study of the life cycle of structures, the coefficient of asymmetry of the external load application cycle is of no small importance. As a result of the study, it was found that with an increase in the coefficient of asymmetry of the application of an external load with a simultaneous increase in the prestress in the SPA, the coefficient of endurance, and, consequently, the life cycle of the element, increases.

B.A. BONDAREV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.B. BONDAREV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.K. ZHIDKOV², Graduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
P.V. BORKOV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
O.V. MAREEVA³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.I. POPOV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Lipetsk State Technical University (30, Moskovskaya Street, Lipetsk, 398055, Russian Federation)
² Tambov State Technical University (106/5, Sovetskaya Street, Tambov, 392000, Russian Federation)
³ Russian State Agrarian University – K.A. Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (49, Timiryazevskaya Street, Moscow, 127550, Russian Federation)

1. Goncharova M.A., Borkov P.V., Al-Surrayvi H.G.H. Recycling of large-capacity concrete and reinforced concrete waste in the context of realization of full life cycle contracts. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 12, pp. 52–57. (In Russian). EDN: KNFINX https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-777-12-52-57
2. Erofeev V.T., Afonin V.V., Zotkina M.M., Stenechkina K.S, Tyuryakhina T.P., Lazarev A.V. Analysis of properties of polymer composites with various types of fillers. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2024. No. 1–2, pp. 100–109. (In Russian). EDN: ACZEBD. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2024-821-1-2-100-109
3. Gavrilov M.A., Erofeev V.T. Strength and deformation properties of epoxy protective composites. Regional’naya arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2024. No. 1 (58), pp. 59–64. (In Russian). EDN: LAGPSL. https://doi.org/0.54734/20722958_2024_1_59
4. Bobryshev A.N., Erofeev V.T., Kozomazov V.N. Polimernyye kompozitsionnyye materialy [Polymer composite materials]. Saransk: ASV. 2013. 480 p.
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7. Nizina T.A., Selyaev V.P., Nizin D.R., et al. Methodology for assessing the kinetics of damage accumulation in the structure of polymeric materials under cyclic loads. Fracture mechanics of building materials, products and structures: Collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the meeting of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences. Saransk: National Research Ogarev Mordovian State University. 2024, pp. 57–64. (In Russian).
8. Selyaev V.P., Nizin D.R., Kanaeva N.S. Quantitative assessment of the kinetics of damage accumulation in the structure of a polymer matrix under the influence of natural climatic factors and tensile loads. Nauchnyy zhurnal stroitel’stva i arkhitektury. 2021. No. 4 (64), pp. 93–102. (In Russian). EDN: AMJJDG. https://doi.org/10.36622/VSTU.2021.64.4.009
9. Bondarev B.A., Bondarev A.B., Borkov P.V., et al. Polymer composite materials in transition slabs of transport infrastructure structures. Vestnik of Lipetsk State Technical University. 2022. No. 3 (49), pp. 62–71. EDN: OBLZCG.
https://doi.org/10.53015/23049235_2022_3_62
10. Bondarev B.A., Bondarev A.B., Korneev A.D., et al. Cyclic durability of glass-plastic polymer concrete in repaired transport structures. Modern problems of materials science: Collection of scientific papers of the IV All-Russian (national) scientific and practical conference. Lipetsk. February 17, 2023, pp. 328–332. (In Russian). EDN: MENRFM
11. Bondarev B.A., Korneev A.D., Borkov P.V., Bondarev A.B., Zhidkov V.K., Kopalin D.A. Study of the cyclic durability of fiberglass polymer concrete for the repair and restoration of structures of transport facilities. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 1–2, pp. 11–17. (In Russian). EDN: IHFZIE. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-810-1-2-11-17
12. Kondrashchenko V.I. Drevesnosteklovoloknistyye kompozitsionnyye shpaly [Wood-glass fiber composite sleepers]. Moscow: Sputnik. 2019. 301 p.