Durability of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete in the Gas Environment of Petrochemicals and Refining

The gas environment of petrochemical and oil refining enterprises is aggressive towards concrete and reinforced concrete. One of the most common gases in this case is carbon dioxide of increased concentration, which can carbonize cement materials and products. The maintenance-free period of operation of building structures made of these materials does not exceed 5–10 years with a standardized period of at least 25 years. The paper examines the features of the destructive processes occurring during this process, and describes the typical damage on the example of a technological stack located on the territory of an oil refinery in Ufa. Analysis of the operating environment near this plant showed that the concentration of carbon dioxide can reach 500–550 ppm in summer, excluding peak emissions. In order to assess the rate of carbonization of repair compounds, accelerated tests were carried out in conditions of high concentration of carbon dioxide. The mechanism of carbonization of repair compounds has been specified, the rate of which is described by the law of the “root of the nth degree of time” with the index n from 2.3 to 4.3. Under the action of static and dynamic loads, it is most rational to use thixotropic repair compounds with the presence of dispersed reinforcement (fiber), which additionally increase the crack resistance of the structure.

P.A. FEDOROV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.V. LUTSYK¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
T.V. LATYPOVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.M. LATYPOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.R. ANVAROV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
V.P. POPOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
N.G. CHUMACHENKO², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (1, Kosmonavtov Street, Ufa, 450062, Russian Federation)
² Samara State Technical University (244, Molodogvardeyskaya Street, Samara, 443100, Russian Federation)

1. Алексеев С.Н., Розенталь Н.К. Коррозионная стойкость железобетонных конструкций в агрессивной промышленной среде. М.: Стройиздат, 1976. 205 с.
1. Alekseev S.N., Rozental’ N.K. Korrozionnaya stoikost’ zhelezobetonnykh konstruktsii v agressivnoi promyshlennoi srede [Corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete structures in an aggressive industrial environment]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1976. 205 p.
2. Полак А.Ф. Моделирование коррозии железобетона и прогнозирование его долговечности // Итоги науки и техники. Коррозия и защита от коррозии. 1986. Т. XI. C. 136–180.
2. Polak A.F. Reinforced concrete corrosion modeling and prediction of its durability. Results of Science and Technology. Corrosion and corrosion protection. 1986. Vol. XI, pp. 136–180. (In Russian).
3. Латыпов В.М., Латыпова Т.В., Луцык Е.В., Федоров П.А. Долговечность бетона и железобетона в природных агрессивных средах. Уфа: РИЦ УГНТУ, 2014. 288 с.
3. Latypov V.M., Latypova T.V., Lutsyk E.V., Fedorov P.A. Dolgovechnost’ betona i zhelezobetona v prirodnykh agressivnykh sredakh [Durability of concrete and reinforced concrete in aggressive natural environments]. Ufa: RIC UGNTU. 2014. 288 p.
4. Speight J.G. Petroleum refining and environmental control and environmental effects. Fossil Energy: selected entries from the encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology. New York. 2013, pp. 61–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3
5. Brooks S.B., Crawford T.L., Oechel W.C. Measurement of carbon dioxide emissions plumes from prudhoe bay, alaska oil fields. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 1997. Vol. 27. No. 2, pp. 197–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005890318796
6. Carotenuto F., Gualtieri G., Miglietta F., Riccio A., Toscano P., Wohlfahrt G., Gioli B. Industrial point source CO₂ emission strength estimation with aircraft measurements and dispersion modelling. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2018. Vol. 190. No. 3. pp. 165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005890318796
7. Reuter M., Bovensmann H., Buchwitz M., Borchardt J., Krautwurst S., Gerilowski K., Lindauer M., Kubistin D., Burrows J.P. Development of a small unmanned aircraft system to derive CO₂ emissions of anthropogenic point sources. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2021. Vol. 14. No. 1, pp. 153–172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-153-2021
8. Possan E., Thomaz W.A., Aleandri G.A., Felix E.F., Santos A.C.P. dos CO₂ uptake potential due to concrete carbonation: A case study. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2017. Vol. 6, pp. 147–161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2017.01.007
9. Лагерблад Б. Механизм карбонизации // Цемент и его применение. 2014. № 1. C. 177–181.
9. Lagerblad B. Mechanism of carbonation. Tsement i ego primenenie. 2014. No. 1, pp. 177–181. (In Russian)
10. Ashraf W. Carbonation of cement-based materials: Challenges and opportunities. Construction and Building Materials. 2016. Vol. 120, pp. 558–570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.080
11. Silva R.V., Neves R., Brito J. de, Dhir R.K. Carbonation behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2015. Vol. 62, pp. 22–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.04.017
12. Hunkeler F. Corrosion in reinforced concrete: processes and mechanisms. Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete Structures. 2005, pp. 1–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845690434.1
13. Полак А.Ф., Гельфман Г.Н., Яковлев В.В. Антикоррозионная защита строительных конструкций на химических и нефтехимических предприятиях. Уфа: Башкирское книжное издательство, 1980. 80 с.
13. Polak A.F., Gel’fman G.N., Yakovlev V.V. Antikorrozionnaya zashchita stroitel’nykh konstruktsii na khimicheskikh i neftekhimicheskikh predpriyatiyakh [Corrosion protection of building structures in chemical and petrochemical plants]. Ufa: Bashkir Book Publishing House. 1980. 80 p.
14. Новгородский В.И. Основы долговечности железобетонных конструкций. М.: Издательство «Спутник+», 2015. 362 с.
14. Novgorodskii V.I. Osnovy dolgovechnosti zhelezobetonnykh konstruktsii [Fundamentals of the durability of reinforced concrete structures]. Moscow: Publishing house «Sputnik +». 2015. 362 p.
15. Гильмутдинов Т.З., Федоров П.А. Влияние трещин на кинетику карбонизации бетона // Строительные материалы. 2016. № 10. C. 63–66.
15. Gil’mutdinov T.Z., Fedorov P.A. Influence of cracks on the kinetics of concrete carbonization. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 10, pp. 63–66. (In Russian).
16. Tuutti K. Corrosion of steel in concrete. Stockholm: Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute. 1982. 472 p.
17. Helland S. Design for service life: Implementation of FIB Model Code 2010 rules in the operational code ISO 16204. Structural Concrete. 2013. Vol. 14. No. 1, pp. 10–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201200021
18. Гусев В.В., Файвусович А.С., Степанова В.Ф., Розенталь Н.К. Математические модели процессов коррозии бетона. М.: Информационно-издательский центр «ТИМР», 1996. 104 с.
18. Gusev V.V., Faivusovich A.S., Stepanova V.F., Rozental’ N.K. Matematicheskie modeli protsessov korrozii betona [Mathematical models of concrete corrosion processes]. Moscow: Information and Publishing Center «TIMR». 1996. 104 p.
19. Schissel P., Gehlen C., Kapteina G. Assessment and service life updating of existing tunnels. Proceedings of the Hazards in tunnels, Structural Integrity» presented at the1st International Symposium “Safe & Reliable Tunnels, Innovative European Achievements”. Prague, Czech Republic. 2004, pp. 189–198.
20. Шалый Е.Е., Леонович С.Н., Ким Л.В. Деградация железобетонных конструкций морских сооружений от совместного воздействия карбонизации и хлоридной агрессии // Строительные материалы. 2019. № 5. C. 67–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-770-5-67-72
20. Shalyi E.E., Leonovich S.N., Kim L.V. Degradation of reinforced concrete structures of marine works from the combined impact of carbonation and chloride aggression. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 5, pp. 67–72. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-770-5-67-72
21. Papadakis V.G. Estimation of concrete service life–the theoretical background. Patras, Greece: Patras Science Park SA. 2005. 130 p.
22. Розенталь Н.К. Коррозионная стойкость цементных бетонов низкой и особо низкой проницаемости. М.: ФГУП ЦПП, 2006. 520 с.
22. Rozental’ N.K. Korrozionnaya stoikost’ tsementnykh betonov nizkoi i osobo nizkoi pronitsaemosti [Corrosion resistance of low and very low permeability cement concretes]. Moscow: FGUP TsPP. 2006. 520 p.
23. Parrott P.J. Design for avoiding damage due to carbonation-induced corrosion. ACI SP-145 International Conference Durability of Concrete. Detroit. 1994, pp. 283–298.
24. Анваров А.Р., Латыпова Т.В., Латыпов В.М. Обеспечение долговечности железобетона в обычных условиях эксплуатации // ALITinform: Цемент. Бетон. Сухие смеси. 2008. № 2. C. 52–57.
24. Anvarov A.R., Latypova T.V., Latypov V.M. Ensuring the durability of reinforced concrete under normal operating conditions. ALITinform: Tsement. Beton. Sukhie smesi. 2008. No. 2, pp. 52–57. (In Russian).
25. Fedorov P.A., Anvarov A.R., Lutsyk E.V., Latypov V.M., Latypova T.V. Kinetics of fine concrete carbonation in humid operational environment. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 2016. Vol. 11. No. 11, pp. 7439–7445.
26. Jiang L., Lin B., Cai Y. A model for predicting carbonation of high-volume fly ash concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000. Vol. 30, pp. 699–702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00227-1
27. Carević V., Ignjatović I., DragašJ. Model for practical carbonation depth prediction for high volume fly ash concrete and recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2019. Vol. 213, pp. 194–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.267
28. Федоров П.А., Абдуллин М.М., Абдуллин В.М., Нигматуллин Э.И. Вероятность безотказной работы надводной части нефтедобывающих железобетонных морских стационарных платформ гравитационного типа // Нефтегазовое дело. 2019. Т. 17. № 2. C. 111–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17122/ngdelo-2019-2-111-120
28. Fedorov P.A., Abdullin M.M., Abdullin V.M., Nigmatullin E.I. Probability of failure-free operation of the above-water part of oil-producing reinforced concrete offshore fixed platforms of gravity type. Neftegazovoe delo. 2019. Vol. 17. No. 2, pp. 111–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17122/ngdelo-2019-2-111-120 (In Russian).