Investigation of Heavy Concrete Hardening Processes under Condition of Alternate Freezing and Thawing During Winter Concreting

The use of monolithic concrete is one of the most common and in demand for mass capital construction. The technology for the production of concrete and concrete work has been sufficiently studied, however, there are often problems with a lack of strength of concrete in finished structures, the laying of concrete in which is carried out in conditions of negative temperatures. The task of identifying the reasons for the lack of strength and finding solutions to eliminate this problem is currently very relevant for construction projects in the Russian Federation. The article considers the processes of destruction of cement concretes during alternate freezing and thawing. The influence of various structural and technological factors at different stages is analyzed: preparation, laying of the concrete mixture, hardening of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete structures on the formation of their strength and operational properties. The results of the X-ray phase analysis of samples taken from several monolithic reinforced concrete structures with various modifiers and antifreeze additives from various construction sites, including from frozen structures with a lack of strength, are presented. The conducted studies showed a significant difference in the quantitative and qualitative content of the products of hydration and structure formation of cement stone. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis on the content of individual phases are analyzed and their influence on the processes of structure formation is assessed. The data obtained and their analysis expand the field of knowledge in the technology of winter concreting, can be used in assessing the technical condition of defective reinforced concrete structures and the possibility of their restoration and self-healing of cement concrete.

R.R. SAKHIBGAREEV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor,
L.N. LOMAKINA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate professor,
Rom.R. SAKHIBGIREEV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate professor,
D.A. SINITSIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate professor,
A.A. IBRAEV, Postgraduate student

Ufa State Petroleum Technological University (1, Kosmonavtov Street, Ufa, 450062, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russian Federation)

1. Chernyshov E.M. Frost destruction of concrete. Part 1. Mechanism, criterial conditions of control. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 9, pp. 40–46. (In Russian).
2. Podval’ny А.М. On the concept of ensuring the frost resistance of concrete in the structures of buildings and structures Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2004. No. 6, pp. 4–6. (In Russian).
3. Velichko E.G. Frost resistance of concrete with optimized disperse composition Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 2, pp. 81–83. (In Russian).
4. Klemm A.J., Klemm P. Ice formation in pores in polymer modified concrete: II. The influence of the admixtures on the water to ice transition in the cementitious composites subjected to freezing/thawing cycles. Building and Environment: the International Journal of Building Science and its Applications. 1997. Vol. 32 (3), pp. 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(96)00054-6 (In Russian).
5. Sakhibgareev R.R. Structure management in the application of modified concrete. Nauchnyy vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura. 2008. No. 4 (12), pp. 132–150. (In Russian).
6. Kramar L.Ya., Chernykh T.N., Shuldyakov K.V. Modern superplasticizers for concrete, features of their application and efficiency. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 11, pp. 21–25. (In Russian).
7. Korchunov I.V., Perepelitsyna S.E., Potapova E.N. Influence of negative temperatures on the phase composition of the cement matrix. Uspekhi v khimii i khimicheskoy tekhnologii. 2019. Vol. XXXIII. No. 4, pp. 101–103. (In Russian).
8. Vesa Penttala, Fahim Al-Neshawy. Stress and strain state of concrete during freezing and thawing cycles. Cement and Concrete Research. 2002. Vol. 32. Iss. 9, pp. 1407–1420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00785-8
9. Yarmakovsky V.N., Kadiev D.Z. Physical and chemical bases of resistance of concrete to the effects of low negative temperatures. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2020. No. 4 (90), pp. 122–136. (In Russian).
10. Syeda Rahman, Zachary Grasley, A poromechanical model of freezing concrete to elucidate damage mechanisms associated with substandard aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research. 2014. Vol. 55, pp. 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.10.001
11. Korolev E.V. Features of the structure of cement stone and concrete. Innovatsii i investitsii. 2017. No. 8, pp. 150–156. (In Russian).
12. Podmazova S.A. Ensuring the quality of concrete of monolithic structures. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2004. No. 6, pp. 8–10. (In Russian).
13. Polak A.F., Babkov V.V., Andreeva E.P. [Tverdeniye mineral’nykh vyazhushchikh veshchestv] Hardening of mineral binders. Ufa: Bashkir book publishing house. 1990. 216 p.
14. Verbetsky G.P. Prochnost’ i dolgovechnost’ betona v vodnoy srede [Strength and durability of concrete in the aquatic environment]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1976. 128 p.
15. Babkov V.V., Sakhibgareev R.R., Sakhibgareev Rom.R., Chuikin A.E., Kabanets V.V. The role of amorphous microsilica in processes of structure formation and strengthening of concretes. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2010. No. 6, pp. 44–46. (In Russian).
16. Gorchakov G.I., Orentlicher L.P., Savin V.I., and others. Sostav, struktura i svoystva tsementnykh betonov [Composition, structure and properties of cement concrete / Ed. by G.I. Gorchakov]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1976. 145 p.
17. Babkov V.V., Mokhov V.N., Kapitonov S.M., Komokhov P.G. Strukturoobrazovaniye i razrusheniye tsementnykh betonov. [Structure formation and destruction of cement concretes]. Ufa: Ufimsky polygraph plant. 2002. 376 p.
18. Neville A.M., Parfenov V.D., Yakub T.Yu. Svoystva betona [Properties of concrete]. Moscow: Book on Demand, 2021. 344 p.
19. Brzhanov R.T., Pikus G.A., Traykova M. Methods of increasing the initial strength of winter concrete. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 451. International Conference on Construction, Architecture and Technosphere Safety (ICCATS 2018). 26–28 September 2018. DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/451/1/012083
20. Usov B.A. Concreting of monolithic structures from cast mixtures in winter conditions. Sistemnyye tekhnologii. 2016. No. 21, pp. 5–17. (In Russian).
21. Grankovsky I.G. Strukturoobrazovaniye v mineral’nykh vyazhushchikh sistemakh [Structure formation in mineral binding systems]. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. 1984. 300 p.
22. Agzamov F.A., Lomakina L.N., Gafurova E.A., Bikmeeva N.B. Investigations of the processes of structure formation in concrete conditions on winter concreting. Neftegazovoye delo. 2013. No. 6, pp. 384–400. (In Russian).
23. Dobavki v beton: Sprav. posobiye [Additives in concrete: Handbook / Ramachandran V.S., Feldman R.F., Collepardi M. and others. Ed. V.S. Ramachandran; Trans. from English Rosenberg T.I. and S.A. Boldyrev; Ed. by Boldyrev A.S. and V.B. Ratinova]. Mosocw: Stroyizdat, 1988. 575 p.
24. Fiziko-khimicheskiye osnovy formirovaniya struktury tsementnogo kamnya [Physical and chemical bases of cement stone structure formation / Ed. L.G.Shpynova]. Lvov: Vishcha schkola. 1981. 160 p.